Image Processing

Chapter(3)
Part 3:Intensity Transformation and
spatial filters

Prepared by: Hanan Hardan

Gray-level Slicing
 This technique is used to highlight a specific
range of gray levels in a given image.
– Similar to thresholding
– Other levels can be suppressed or maintained
– Useful for highlighting features in an image
 It can be implemented in several ways, but the
two basic themes are:
 One approach is to display a high value for all
gray levels in the range of interest and a low value
for all other gray levels.
 The second approach, based on the
transformation brightens the desired range of gray
levels but preserves gray levels unchanged.
 .Ch3, lesson3: piecewise Linear transformation functions

piecewise Linear transformation functions.

2. Intensity-Level Slicing (gray level slicing)

Highlighting a specific range of intensities in an image.
Approach 1 Approach 2

display in one value(e.g white) all Brightens or darkens the

the values in the range of interest , desired range of intensities
and in another (e.g black) all other but leaves all other intensity
intensities levels in the image unchanged
Gray-level Slicing
 .Ch3, lesson3: piecewise Linear transformation functions
piecewise Linear transformation functions.
2. Intensity-Level Slicing (gray level slicing) –
example: approach 1
example: apply intensity level slicing in Matlab to read
cameraman image , then If the pixel intensity in the old image
is between (100  200) convert it in the new image into 255
(white). Otherwise convert it to 0 (black).
 .Ch3, lesson3: piecewise Linear transformation functions
piecewise Linear transformation functions.
2. Intensity-Level Slicing (gray level slicing)
example: approach 1
example: apply intensity level slicing in Matlab to read
cameraman image , then If the pixel intensity in the old image
is between (100  200) convert it in the new image into 255
(white). Otherwise convert it to 0 (black).

Solution:
x=imread('cameraman.tif');
y=x;
[w h]=size(x);
for i=1:w
for j=1:h
if x(i,j)>=100 && x(i,j)<=200 y(i,j)=255;
else y(i,j)=0;
end
end
end
figure, imshow(x);
figure, imshow(y);
 .Ch3, lesson3: piecewise Linear transformation functions
piecewise Linear transformation functions.
2. Intensity-Level Slicing (gray level slicing)
example: approach 2
example: apply intensity level slicing in Matlab to read
cameraman image , then If the pixel intensity in the old image
is between (100  200) convert it in the new image into 255
(white). Otherwise it leaves it the same.
 .Ch3, lesson3: piecewise Linear transformation functions
piecewise Linear transformation functions.
2. Intensity-Level Slicing (gray level slicing)
example: approach 2
example: apply intensity level slicing in Matlab to read
cameraman image , then If the pixel intensity in the old image
is between (100  200) convert it in the new image into 255
(white). Otherwise it leaves it the same.

Solution:
x=imread('cameraman.tif');
y=x;
[w h]=size(x);
for i=1:w
for j=1:h
if x(i,j)>=100 && x(i,j)<=200 y(i,j)=255;
else y(i,j)=x(i,j);
end
end
end
figure, imshow(x);
figure, imshow(y);
 .Ch3, lesson3: piecewise Linear transformation functions
piecewise Linear transformation functions.
2. Intensity-Level Slicing (gray level slicing)
Homework
example: apply intensity level slicing (approch2) in Matlab to
read moon image , then If the pixel intensity in the old image
is between (0  20) convert it in the new image into 130.
Bit-plane Slicing
 Pixels are digital numbers, each one composed of
bits. Instead of highlighting gray-level range, we
could highlight the contribution made by each bit.
 This method is useful and used in image
compression.

 Most significant bits contain the majority of

visually significant data.
 .Ch3, lesson3: piecewise Linear transformation functions

piecewise Linear transformation functions.

3. Bit-Plane Slicing

Remember that pixels are digital

numbers composed of bits.

8-bit Image composed of 8 1-bit planes

 Bit-Plane Slicing
 Often by isolating particular
bits of the pixel values in an
image we can highlight
interesting aspects of that
image
– Higher-order bits usually
contain most of the
significant visual
information
– Lower-order bits contain
subtle details
Bit-Plane Slicing
.Ch3, lesson3: piecewise Linear transformation functions

Bit-Plane Slicing .3
Bit-Plane Slicing
 .Ch3, lesson3: piecewise Linear transformation functions

Bit-Plane Slicing (example) .3

100
;We have to use bit get and bit set to extract 8 images

01100100

Image of bit1: Image of bit2: Image of bit3:

00000000 00000000 00000100 Image of bit4:
00000000
0 0 4 0

Image of bit5: Image of bit6: Image of bit7: Image of bit8:

00000000 00100000 01000000 00000000

0 32 64 0
 .Ch3, lesson3: piecewise Linear transformation functions

Bit-Plane Slicing- .3
programmed
example: apply bit-plane slicing in Matlab to read cameraman
image , then extract the image of bit 6.
Solution:
x=imread('cameraman.tif');
y=x*0;
[w h]=size(x);
for i=1:w
for j=1:h
b=bitget(x(i,j),6);
y(i,j)=bitset(y(i,j),6,b);

end
end

figure, imshow(x);
figure, imshow(y);
Histogram Processing
What is a Histogram?
 In Statistics, Histogram is a graphical
representation showing a visual
impression of the distribution of data.
 An Image Histogram is a type of
histogram that acts as a graphical
representation of the lightness/color
distribution in a digital image. It plots the
number of pixels for each value.
 Preview.. histogram

?Histogram
 The histogram of a digital image with gray
levels in the range [0, L-1] is a discrete
function:
h(rk) = nk
Where:
rk : kth gray level
nk : # of pixels with having gray level rk
Histogram Processing
 It is common practice to normalize a
histogram by dividing each of its values by
the total number of pixels in the image,
denoted by n. Thus, a normalized
histogram is given by p(rk) = nk / n, for k
= 0, 1, …, L -1.
 Thus, p(rk) gives an estimate of the
probability of occurrence of gray level rk.
Note that the sum of all components of a
normalized histogram is equal to 1.
?Why Histogram
 Histograms are the basis for numerous
spatial domain processing techniques
 Histogram manipulation can be used
effectively for image enhancement
 Histograms can be used to provide useful
image statistics
 Information derived from histograms are
quite useful in other image processing
applications, such as image compression
and segmentation.
 Ch3, lesson 4: histogram

:Histogram of the image

histogram

gray levels ‫هو تمثيل لعدد البكسل في كل قيمة لونية من درجات‬

h(rk) = nk
:Where
rk : kth gray level
nk : # of pixels with having gray level rk
 Ch3, lesson 4: histogram

:Histogram of the image

For example: we have 600 pixels having
the intensity value ≈ 160
Introductory Example of
Histograms
 As an introduction to the role of histogram processing in
image enhancement, consider Fig. 3.15 shown in four basic
gray-level characteristics: dark, light, low contrast, and
high contrast.
 The right side of the figure shows the histograms
corresponding to these images.
 The horizontal axis of each histogram plot corresponds to
gray level values, rk.
 The vertical axis corresponds to values of h(rk)=nk or
p(rk)=nk/n if the
values are normalized.
 Thus, as indicated previously, these histogram plots are
simply plots of h(rk)=nk versus rk or p(rk)=nk/n versus rk.
 Ch3, lesson 4: histogram

:Histogram of the image

Introductory Example of
.Histograms… Cont
We note in the dark Image that the components of the histogram
are concentrated on the low (dark) side of the gray scale.
Similarly, the components of the histogram of the bright image
are biased toward the high side of the gray scale. An image with
low contrast has a histogram that will be narrow and will be
centered toward the middle of the gray scale. For a monochrome
image this implies a dull, washed-out gray look. Finally, we see
that the components of the histogram in the high-contrast image
cover a broad range of the gray scale and, further, that the
distribution of pixels is not too far from uniform, with very few
vertical lines being much higher than the others. Intuitively, it is
reasonable to conclude that an image whose pixels tend to occupy
the entire range of possible gray levels and, in addition, tend to
be distributed uniformly, will have an appearance of high contrast
and will exhibit a large variety of gray tones.
Histogram in MATLAB
h = imhist (f, b)

Where f, is the input image, h is the histogram, b is

number of bins (tick marks) used in forming the histogram
(b = 255 is the default)

A bin, is simply, a subdivision of the intensity scale. For

example, if we are working with uint8 images and we let b
= 2, then the intensity scale is subdivided into two ranges:
0 – 127 and 128 – 255. the resulting histograms will have
two values: h(1) equals to the number of pixels in the
image with values in the interval [0,127], and h(2) equal to
the number of pixels with values in the interval [128 255].
Histogram in MATLAB
 We obtain the normalized histogram simply by using the
expression.

p = imhist (f, b) / numel(f)

numel (f): a MATLAB function that gives the number of

elements in array f (i.e. the number of pixels in an image.
Other ways to display Histograms
 Consider an image f. The simplest way to plot its histogram
is to use imhist with no output specified:
>> imhist (f);
Figure 3.7(a) shows the result.
Other ways to display Histograms
 The histogram displayed in figure 3.7(a), is the default
histogram in MATLAB
 However, there are other ways to plot a histogram.
 Histograms often are plotted using bar graphs. For this purpose
we can use function

bar (horz, v, width) (1)

where v is a row vector containing the points to be plotted,
horz is a vector of the same dimension as v that contains the
increments of the horizontal scale, and width is a number
between 0 and 1.
if horz is omitted, the horizontal axis is divided in units from 0
to length(v). When width is 1 the bars touch; when it is 0 the
bars are simply vertical lines. The default value is 0.8.
Other ways to display Histograms
 The following statements produce a bar graph, with the horizontal
axis divided into groups of 10 levels:
>> h = imhist(f);
>>h1 = h(1:10:256);
>> horz = 1:10:256;
>> bar (horz, h1);
>> axis ([0 255 0 15000])
>> set (gca, ‘xtick’, 0:50:255)
>>set (gca, ‘ytick’, 0:2000:15000)

Figure 3.7(b) shows the result.

The axis function has the syntax:
axis ([horizmin horzmax vertmin vertmax])
Which sets the minimum and maximum values in the horizontal and
vertical axes.
Other ways to display Histograms
 gca: get current axes (the axes of the figure last displayed)
 xtick and ytick set the horizontal and vertical ticks in the
interval shown.
 Axes labels can be added to the horizontal and vertical axes of a
graph using the functions

xlabel (‘text string’, ‘fontsize’, size);

ylabel (‘text string’, ‘fontsize’, size);
Where size is the font size in points

 Text can be added to the body of the figure using function:

text (xloc, yloc, ‘text string’, ‘font size’, size);
where: xloc and yloc define the location where text starts.
Other ways to display Histograms
 Note: functions that set axis values and labels are used
after the function has been plotted.

 A title can be added to a plot using:

title(‘text string’)
Other ways to display Histograms
 A stem graph can be used to display the histogram:
stem (horz, v, ‘fill’, ‘LineStyle’); (2)

where v and horz as in bar function.

where ‘LineStyle’ represents the shape of lines in the graph

if ‘fill’ is used, and the marker is circle, square or diamond, the

marker is filled, with the color specified. The default color is black.
 To set the shape and the color of the marker, use the following Set
statements (example):
 >> stem (horz, v, ‘fill’, ‘- -’);
 >> stem (h, ‘MarkerFaceColor’, ‘r’, ‘marker’, ‘s’);
 This sentence will change the shape of the marker to red square.
Other ways to display Histograms
Other ways to display Histograms
 Plot graph, can be used to display the
histogram with straight lines, the syntax is:

h = imhist(f);
plot (h, ‘color-linestyle-marker’) (3)
>> plot (h, 'color','r','linestyle','--','Marker','s')
the arguments are specified preciously.
 Ch3, lesson 5: histogram equalization
Histogram equalization of the
:image
We have this image in matlab called
pout.tif, when we plot its histogram it
is showed like this:

Notice that the

pixels intensity
values are
concentrated on
the middle
)low contrast(
 Ch3, lesson 5: histogram equalization
Histogram equalization of the
:image
: histogram equalization
is the process of adjusting intensity values of pixels.
The process which increases the dynamic range of the gray
level in a law contrast image to cover full range of gray
levels.
Im matlab : we use histeq function
Histogram
produces
pixels having
values that
are distributed
throughout
the range
 Ch3, lesson 5: histogram equalization
Histogram equalization of the
:image
Notice that histogram
equalization does not
always produce a
good result
 Ch3, lesson 5: histogram equalization

Equalization (mathematically)
g(x) = (L/n). T(X) -1
Where,
G(X) : the new image after equalization
L: No of gray levels 2n
n: No of pixels
T(x): cumulative sum of each gray level
 Ch3, lesson 5: histogram equalization

Equalization (mathematically)
G(x) ‫كمي‬6‫را‬666‫مجموع ت‬T(X) ‫كل‬66‫لبكسلل‬66‫دد ا‬6‫ ع‬X L
‫لبكسل‬66‫ل‬ Graylevel grayl Assume that we have
evels (3bits per pixels) or 8
levels of grayscale,
0 1 1 0 and we want to
equalize the following
0 4 3 1 image example.
1 9 5 2
2 15 6 3 G(x)=(L/n). T(X) -1
=(8/32). T(x) -1
4 21 6 4
5 27 6 5
6 29 2 6
7 32 3 7

8 ‫عدد ال‬
‫لكلي‬66‫لبكسالتا‬66‫دد ا‬6‫ ع‬No of pixels
graylevel