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Semantics Project

Semantic roles describe the relationship between a verb and the participants in the event or situation described by the verb. The major semantic roles include agent, patient, theme, instrument, goal, and locative. The agent is the initiator of the action, the patient undergoes a change, the theme is located or relocated, the instrument is used to carry out the action, the goal is where something moves to, and the locative specifies where the event takes place. Lexical relations describe patterns of association between lexical units, such as synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, homophones/homonyms, polysemy, and metonymy.

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Hura Kaleem
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44 views

Semantics Project

Semantic roles describe the relationship between a verb and the participants in the event or situation described by the verb. The major semantic roles include agent, patient, theme, instrument, goal, and locative. The agent is the initiator of the action, the patient undergoes a change, the theme is located or relocated, the instrument is used to carry out the action, the goal is where something moves to, and the locative specifies where the event takes place. Lexical relations describe patterns of association between lexical units, such as synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, homophones/homonyms, polysemy, and metonymy.

Uploaded by

Hura Kaleem
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SEMANTICS

BY AT I K A S H A F Q AT
INTRODUCTION

Meaning of a word, phrase or text.

It is a branch of linguistics and this consist of two main areas.

Logical semantics:

This is concerned with the matters such as sense and reference.

Lexical semantics:

This matter is concerned with the analysis of word meanings

and relation between them.


EXAMPLES:

• The word ‘move’ used as change place, push, pull or carry, stir emotion.
• The word ‘create’ used as build, make, construct, erect, compose or
imagine.
• According to semantics to call someone heaven leads us to have lovely
deposition.
• The word ‘on’ can have so many meanings like on edge, on phone etc.
SEMANTICS FEATURES

 They are categories that allow us to classify the meaning of


word.
 They are represented by the headword or the symbol like ‘+’, ‘_’.
To say that if the word contain that features.
For example:
1-happy: ‘+’emotion
‘+’positive
2-sad: ‘+’sad
‘_’positive
SEMANTIC ROLES
B Y M E H R E E N YA S M E E N
DEFINITIONS

 (BERK,1999) defines semantic roles are roles that


participants play in events and situation.

 Also, it is underlying relationship that a participant has with


the main verb in a clause.
MAJOR SEMANTIC RELATIONS

 Agent
 Patient

 Theme
 Instrument

 Goal

 Locative
AGENT AND PATIENT

 Agent: Initiator or action


 The boy ran down the street
 He was chased by the dog

 Patient: Another common role is patient. The patient is something


or somebody that undergoes a change specifically implied by the
verb
 Mary burned the scallops

 Kelly painted the fence.


THEME AND INSTRUMENT

 Theme: Theme is the object that is located or relocated in


space
 The book is blue

 The ball rolled away

 Instrument: Used to carry out the action


 Jamie cut the ribbon with pair of scissors
GOAL

 Goal: Place to which something moves, or thing toward


which an action is directed.
 John swam to the raft
 He threw the book at me
Goal

place to which something moves, or

thing toward which an action is directed.

John swam to the raft.

He threw the book at me.


LOCATIVE

 The specification of the place where the action or event denoted


by the predicate in situated.
 Ayesha saw a fly on the wall.
LEXICAL RELATIONS
BY HURA KALEEN
WHAT IS LEXICAL RELATION?

A lexical connection is a culturally recognized association pattern


that occurs in a language between lexical units. Examples:
 Synonymy

 Antonym

 Hyponymy

 Homophones and Homonyms

 Polysemy

 Metonymy
SYNONYMY

The analysis of the terms of same and similar meaning or the consistency of
being similar is synonymous.
 Near synonymy expressions that are more or less similar but not identical
in meaning. For example: lie or falsehood, mist or fog, stream or brook
 Partial synonymy which meet the criterion the identity of meaning but
for various reasons they fail to meet the conditions of what is generally
referred to as absolute synonymy. For example: car or vehicle
 Absolute synonymy are words matching in all their shades of meaning
and in all stylistics characteristics. For example: airman or pilot, car or
automobile
ANTONYMY

The se ma ntic re la tion tha t e xi sts be twee n two words tha t ca n conve y opposite
me a ni ngs a nd two form s with oppo si te me ani ngs a re antonyms . Type s of
a ntonymy:
G raded antonym re fers to the words rel at ed to t he obj ec t the y modify. The

words the mse lve s do not provide an ab solute sca le . Exa mple : B ig ><
Sma ll
Non-G radable antonym re fers to the ex iste nce of pa irs that are denial of

one , i mplie s the a sse rt ion of othe rs . Exam ple: Ma le >< Fema le
Re ver si ve a nto nym a re pa irs i n whic h e a ch mem ber e xpre sse s the reve rs e of

ot hers. Exa mple : Ente r >< Exit


HYPONYMY
When the meaning of one form is included in the meaning

When the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of


another, the relationship is known as hyponymy. Example:
Animal/Horse, Insect/Ant, Flower/Rose
 In the above three examples, animal, insect and vegetable are
called superordinate terms (included word).
 When the two or more words that share the same
superordinate terms are co-hyponyms (including one). So
dog, horse and rose are co-hyponyms
PROTOTYPES

The concept of prototype has explain the meaning of other


words like birds, not in terms of component feature (e.g. has
feathers, has wings) but in terms of resemblance to the clearest
example.
 According to some researchers, the most characteristic
instance of the category ‘bird’ is robin.
HOMOPHONES AND HOMONYMS
Words that sounds similar but have different meaning are

homophones Example:
 bare/bear
 flour/flower
 meat/meet
Words that same sound and spelling but different in meaning
are homonyms. Example:
 Bat (flying creature) or Bat (used in sports)
 Mole (on skin) or Mole (small animal )
POLYSEMY

When a symbol, word or phrase means many different


things, it is called polysemy.
 Example of polysemy are foot (of a person, of a bed, of a
mountain) or run (person does, water does, colors do).
 Date (a point in time) is polysemous in terms of particular
day and month (on a letter), a social meeting (with
someone we like) etc.
METONOMY

Metonymy is the use of a connected word to stand for an entity


or idea. Metonymy is often chosen because it is a well-known
function of the definition.
 Container-contents relation (bottle/water, can/juice)
 Whole-part relation (car/wheels, house/roof).
SEMANTICS COLLOCATIONS

They are multiword expressions that are


 Lexically

 Syntactically
 Pragmatically

 Statistically

Distinctive from others.


Example: hammer-nail, butter-bread etc.
THANK YOU
ANY QUESTIONS ?

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