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CS325 Operating Systems Spring 2021: Computer-System Structures

This document contains lecture slides on operating system structures from a CS325 Operating Systems course. It discusses the basic components of an operating system including the kernel, system calls, interrupts, and traps. It also covers different OS structures like simple/monolithic, layered, microkernel, and virtual machine approaches. Key topics covered include system call execution, types of system calls, OS implementation in assembly vs higher-level languages, and separation of mechanism and policy in system design. The next lecture will cover processes, process states, process control blocks, and scheduling queues.

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Aftab Jahangir
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43 views25 pages

CS325 Operating Systems Spring 2021: Computer-System Structures

This document contains lecture slides on operating system structures from a CS325 Operating Systems course. It discusses the basic components of an operating system including the kernel, system calls, interrupts, and traps. It also covers different OS structures like simple/monolithic, layered, microkernel, and virtual machine approaches. Key topics covered include system call execution, types of system calls, OS implementation in assembly vs higher-level languages, and separation of mechanism and policy in system design. The next lecture will cover processes, process states, process control blocks, and scheduling queues.

Uploaded by

Aftab Jahangir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CS325 Operating Systems

Spring 2021

Computer-System Structures

Owais Hakeem
SST

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OS Kernel

Users
Applications
Operating System API, AUI
Operating System Kernel
Computer Hardware
Real work is done in the kernel
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Entry Points into Kernel

System Call Signal

Interrupt Trap

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System Calls
 User processes must not be given open access to the kernel
code

 The system call interface layer contains entry point in the


kernel code

 Any user or application request that involves access to any


system resource must be handled by the kernel code

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Types Of System Calls
 Process Control
 End/Abort, load and execute, Creat and terminate process, Wait and
Signed Event, Allocate and free memory.

 File Management
 Create a file, Delete file, Open and close file, Read/write and
reposition, Get and set file attributes

 Device Management
 Request and release device, Logically attach/ detach devices, Get and
Set device attributes

 Information maintenance
 Get or set time and date, Get process and device attributes

 Communications
 Create/delete communications connections, Send/receive message, Help
OS to transfer status information, Attach or detach remote devices

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System Call Execution

 The user program makes a call to a library function.

 Library routine puts appropriate parameters at a well-known


place (registers, stack, or a table in memory).

 The trap instruction is executed to change mode from user to


kernel.

 Control goes to operating system.

 Operating system determines which system call is to be carried


out.
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Semantics of System Call Execution …

 Kernel indexes the dispatch table, which contains pointers to


service routines for system calls.

 Service routine is executed and return parameter or error code


placed at well-known places (usually a CPU register).

 Control given back to user program.

 Library function executes the instruction following trap.

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System Call …
Process

Library Call

System Call
trap
Dispatch Table Service
Code
Kernel
Code

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Operating System Structures

 Simple Structure

 Layered Approach

 Microkernels

 Virtual Machines

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Simple/Monolethic Structures
MS-DOS : written to provide the most functionality in the
least space, so it was not divided into modules carefully

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Simple Structures …
 UNIX consists of two separable parts, the kernel and the
system programs.

 Every thing below the system call interface and above the
physical hardware is the kernel.

 An enormous amount of functionality combined in one level,


UNIX is difficult to enhance as changes in one section could
adversely affect other areas.

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UNIX System Structure

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Layered Approach
• The OS is broken up into a number of layers
• Bottom layer is h/w and the topmost layer
(Layer N) is the user interface
• A typical layer consists of data structures and a
set of routines to service the layer above it
• “THE OPERATING SYSTEM” by Dijkstra
• IBM`s OS/2

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Layered Approach …

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Layered Approach …

 Modularity

 Each layer uses functions and services of only lower layers

 Simplifies debugging and system verification.

 The major difficulty with layered approach is careful


definition of layers, because a layer can only use the layers
below it

 Less efficient than other approaches

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Microkernel
Structures the operating system by removing all non-essential
components from the kernel and implementing them as system
and user level programs

Smaller kernel

Main function is to provide a communication facility between


client programs and the various services that are also running
in the user space.
Microkernel …
Easier to extend the OS—new services are added to user space
and consequently do not require modification of the kernel
and/or its recompilation

Easier to maintain operating system code (enhancement,


debugging, etc.)

OS is easier to port from one hardware to another

More security and reliability

Mach, MacOS X Server, QNX, OS/2, and Windows NT


Microkernel v/s Monolithic kernel

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Virtual Machines
CPU scheduling and virtual memory techniques used to emulate
hardware of the underlying machine, on which user can install
an operating system that the virtual machine supports

On a time-sharing system with virtual machine support, users


may be working on different operating systems

Pioneered by IBM VM operating system that ran CMS, a


single-user interactive operating system
Virtual Machines …

Difficult to implement.

System development done without disrupting normal system


operation.
Virtual Machines …

Non Virtual Machine Virtual Machine


System Design and Implementation

Design Goals

User: operating system should be convenient to use, easy to


learn, reliable, safe, and fast.

System designer and administrator: operating system should


be easy to design, implement, and maintain, as well as
flexible, reliable, error-free, and efficient.
System Design and Implementation …

Mechanism: determine how to do something

Policy: determine what will be done

Separation of mechanism and policy is important for


flexibility.
System Design and Implementation …

Implementation in:
 Assembly language

 Higher level languages:

 Easier to code

 Compact code

 Easier to port
Next time

• Process
• Process States
• Process Control Block
• Process Scheduling Queues
• Schedulers

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