Thermal Unit Operation

(ChEg3115)
Lecture 5- HEDM & Calculation: Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Design (DPHED)

Instructor: Mr. Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.)

05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 1

 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 Double Pipe Exchanger:
 The principal parts are two sets of concentric pipes, two connecting Tees, a return head
and a return bend.
 The inner pipe is supported within the outer pipe by packing glands, and the fluid enter
the inner pipe through a threaded connection located out side the exchanger section
proper.

05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 2

 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 The Tees has nozzle or screwed connection attached to them to permit the entry and exit
of the annulus fluid which cross from one leg to the other through a return head.
 The two length of inner pipe are connected by a return bend which is usually exposed and
does not provide effective heat transfer surface.
 When arranged in two legs shown in the Fig. above, the unit is a hairpin.
 The double pipe exchanger is extremely useful because it can be assembled in any pipe-
fitting shop from standard parts and provide inexpensive heat transfer surface.

05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 3

 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 The standard sizes of Tees and return heads for double pipe heat exchanger fittings are
given in the table below.
Outer pipe, IPS Inner pipe, IPS
2 1¼
2½ 1¼
3 2
4 3

 Double pipe exchangers are usually assembled in 12,15 or 20 ft effective length.

 Effective length means the distance in each leg over which heat transfer occurs and
excludes inner pipe protruding (extend) beyond the exchanger section.

05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 4

 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 When hairpins are employed in excess of 20ft in length corresponding to 40 effective
linear feet or more of double pipe, the inner pipe tends to sag and touch the outer pipe,
which causes poor flow distribution in the annulus.
 The principal disadvantage to the use of double pipe exchangers lies in the small amount
of heat transfer surfaces contained in a single hairpin.

05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 5

 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 When it used with distillation equipment's on industrial process a very large number are
required. These requires considerable space, and each double pipe exchanger introduces no
fewer than 14 points at which leakage might occur.
 The time and expense required for dismantling and periodically cleaning the double pipe
are larger compared with other types of equipment's.
 However, the double pipe exchanger is of great use where the total required heat transfer
surface is small 100 to 200 ft2 or less.

05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 6

 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 Film coefficient for fluids in Pipe and Tubes.

 For fluid in pipes and tubes, Sieder and Tate made a correlation for both heating and
cooling fluids, principally petroleum fractions, in horizontal and vertical tube.
GD
 For streamline flow where Re= <2,100
μ

 1
 1/3
hiD   DG   D  3
  4wc 
 cμ/k     μ/μw   μ/μw 
0.14 0.14
=1.86   =1.86   ....... 1
k  μ  L   πkL 
 

Where Re is Reynold number, μ𝑤 is the viscosity at the tube wall temperature and μ is the
viscosity at caloric temperature and L is the total length of the heat transfer path before
mixing occur.
05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 7
 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 The above equation (Eq. 1) gave maximum mean deviation of approximately ±12% from
Re=100 to Re=21,000 except for water.
 Beyond the transition range, the data may be extended to turbulent flow where
GD
Re= >10,000
μ
hiD   DG 
0.5
1 
  c / k  3   /  w 
0.14
=0.027   .............. 2
k    
 The above equation (Eq.2) gave maximum mean deviation of approximately +15% and
-10% for Re above10,000 except for water.
 The above equations (Eq. 1&2) can be applicable for organic liquids, aqueous solutions, and
gases. But they are not conservative for water, and additional data for water must be given.

05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 8

 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 Even though the above equations (Eq. 1&2) are obtained for tubes, they will also be used
indiscriminately for pipes.
 Pipes are rougher than tubes and produces more turbulence for equal Reynold number.

 Coefficients calculated from tube-data correlations are actually lower and safer than
corresponding calculation on pipe data. And also there are no pipe correlation in the
literature as tube correlations.

05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 9

 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 The above two equations can be also shown graphically using single pair of coordinates.
1
hiD GD
 c / k    /  w
0.14
So, using the ordinate jH= k 3
and abscissa μ

�
� �
�

05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 10

 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 Fluids flowing in Annuli: The equivalent Diameter
 When a fluid flows in a conduit having other than a circular cross section, such as an
annulus, it is convenient to express heat transfer coefficient and friction factors by the
same types of equations and curves used for pipes and tubes.
 To permit this type of representation for annulus heat transfer, it has been advantageous
to employ an equivalent diameter De.
 This equivalent diameter is four times the hydraulic radius.

 The hydraulic radius is the radius of pipe equivalent to the annulus cross section.

 The hydraulic radius is obtained as the ratio of the flow area to the wetted perimeter.
05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 11
 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 For a fluid flowing in annulus, the flow area is (𝛱/4) (D22-D12), but the wetted
perimeter for heat transfer and pressure drop are different.
 For heat transfer, the wetted perimeter is the outer circumference of the inner pipe
with diameter D1, so 𝛱D1, so

4*flow area 4π  D2 2 -D12 = D2 2 -D12

De=4rh= = , ft .....................3
wetted perimeter 4πD1 D1

 In pressure drop calculation, the friction not only results from the resistance of the
outer pipe, but is also affected by the outer surface of the inner pipe

05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 12

 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
The total wetted perimeter is  ( D2 +D1,)and the pressure drop in annuli will be:

D'e=4rh=
4*flow area

4  D2
2
 D1
2
 = D2-D1, ft ............... 4
frictional wetted perimeter 4  D2 +D1 

 Therefore, Re for the same conditions, w, G, and μ are different for heat transfer and

pressure drop since De might be above 2,100 while De’ is below 2,100.

 Actually, both Re should be considered only approximations, since the sharp distinction
between streamline and turbulent flow at Re of 2,100 is not completely valid.

05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 13

 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 Film coefficients in Annuli:
 Even tough D differ from De, ho is effective at the outside diameter of the inner
pipe.
 In double pipe exchangers, it is customary to use outside surface of the inner pipe as the
reference surface in Q=UA𝛥T, and hence hi has to be determined for Ai and not A, it
must be corrected.
 hi is based on the area corresponding to the inside diameter where the surface per
foot of length is 𝛱*ID. On the outside of the pipe the surface per foot of length is
𝛱*OD. By letting ℎ𝑖 𝑜 be the value of hi referred to the outside diameter.

05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 14

 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
By letting ℎ𝑖 𝑜 be the value of hi referred to the outside diameter.
Ai ID
hio=hi = hi .......... 5
A OD

 Fouling factor:

 The overall coefficient of heat transfer required to fulfill the process conditions may be
determined from the Fourier's equation when the surface area A is known and Q and ∆t are
calculated from the process conditions.
Q
 then U= . If the surface is not known U is can be obtained independently of the
Δt*A
Fourier equation from the two film coefficients. Neglecting the wall resistance.
1 1 1 hioho
 = Rio +Ro = + ......... 6 or U= .........7
U hio ho hio +ho
05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 15
 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 When heat transfer apparatus has been in service for some time, however, dirt and scale
deposit on the inside and outer side of the pipe, adding two more resistances than were
included in the calculation of U by Eq.6
 The additional resistance reduce the original value of U, and the required amount of heat
is not longer transferred by the original surface A; T2 rises above and t2 falls below the
desired outlet temperature, although hi and ho remains substantially constant.

Location of fouling factors and heat transfer coefficients

05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 16
 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

 When U has been obtained from values hio and ho and Q and ∆t are calculated from the
process conditions, the surface A required for the process can be computed. The
calculation of A known as design.
 When heat transfer apparatus has been in service for some time, however, dirt and scale
deposit on the inside and outer side of the pipe, adding two more resistances than were
included in the calculation of U by Eq.6
 The additional resistance reduce the original value of U, and the required amount of heat
is not longer transferred by the original surface A; T2 rises above and t2 falls below the
desired outlet temperature, although hi and ho remains substantially constant.
05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 17
 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 To overcome this eventuality, designing the equipment to anticipate the deposition of dirt
and scale by introducing a resistance Rd called the dirt, scale, or fouling factor or
resistance.
 Let Rdi be the dirt factor for the inner pipe fluid at its inside diameter, and Rdo be the
dirt factor for the annulus fluid at out side diameter of the inner pipe.
 The value of U obtained in Eq.(7) only from 1/hio and 1/ho may be considered the clean
overall coefficient designated by Uc to show that dirt has not been taken into account.

05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 18

 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 The coefficient which includes the dirt resistance is called dirty or design overall
coefficient Ud.
 The value of A corresponding to Ud rather than Uc provide the basis on which equipment
is ultimately built.
 The relation between the two overall coefficients are given by
1 1
= +Rdi +Rdo ..................................... 8
UD UC
 Setting
Rdi + Rdo = Rd ...........................9
1 1
= +Rd .............................10
UD UC
05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 19
 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 The Fourier equation for surface on which dirt will be deposited become
Q=UDAt .............................11

 If it is desired to obtain A, hio and ho must first be calculated from eq. 1 and eq. 2 which
are independent of the extent of surface, but depend upon its form, such as the diameter and
fluid flow area.
 Uc will remain constant if the scale or dirt deposit does not alter the mass velocity by
constructing the fluid flow area.

05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 20

 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 UD and 𝛥T will obviously change as the dirt accumulates because the temperature of the
fluids will vary from time the surface is freshly placed in service until it becomes fouled.
 If 𝛥T calculated from observed temperature instead of process temperature, then Q=

UD A𝛥T may be used to determine 𝑅𝑑 for a given fouling period.

 From eq. 10
1 1
- =Rd .............................12
UD UC
Which can also written as
UC - UD
=Rd .............................13
UCUD
Location of fouling factor and heat transfer coeffici

05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 21

 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 When 𝑅𝑑 (deposited) > 𝑅𝑑 (allowed), as after service period the apparatus no longer
delivers a quantity of heat equal to the process requirements and must be cleaned.

 𝑅𝑑 value important for two reasons:

1. To protect the heat exchanger from delivering less than required process heat
load for specific period

2. To decide or consider dismantling and cleaning interval

 Numerical values of the dirt or fouling factors for a variety of process service are
provided in Kern book Appendix Table 12.

05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 22

 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 The tabulated values may differ from those encountered by experience in
particular service.

 If too frequent cleaning is necessary, a greater value of 𝑅𝑑 should be kept in

mind for future design.
 It is expected that heat transfer equipment will transfer more heat than the process
requirements when newly placed in service and that it will deteriorate through
operation as result of dirt. In this case use Uc instead of UD which is useful to check
whether or not clean exchanger will be able to deliver the process heat requirement
when it becomes dirty.
05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 23
 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 Pressure drop in pipe and annuli:

 The pressure drop allowance in an exchanger is the static fluid pressure which
may be expanded to drive the fluid through the exchanger.

 The pump selected for circulation of a process fluid is one which develop
sufficient head at desired capacity to overcome the frictional losses caused by
connecting piping, fittings, control regulators and the pressure drop in the
exchanger itself.

 The allowable pressure drop ranging from 5 to 10 psi for an exchanger or battery
of exchangers
05/27/2021 fulfilling a single process
By- Tesfaservice except where the flow is gravity.
Nega (M.Sc.) 24
 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 For gravity the allowable pressure drop is determined by the elevation of the storage
vessel above the outlet Z in the feet of fluid.
 The feet of fluid may be converted to pounds per square inch by multiplying z by ρ/144
z*ρ 2
 i.e. Z = , Ib/in (psi)
144
 The pressure drop in pipe can be computed from Fanning equation, an appropriate
value of f which is depending on the type of flow.
F = 4 fG 2 L 2 g  2 D , Fanning equation ................... 14

 L is the total length for the entire path.

05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 25

 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 For the pressure drop fluids flowing in annuli, replace D in the Reynolds number
De’ to obtain f. 16
f  for la min ar flow or
D *G / 
0.264
f  0.0035  for turbulent flow
 D *G / 
0.42

 The pressure drop computed by eq.14. does not include the pressure drop encountered
when the fluid enters or leaves.

 For the inner pipe of the double pipe heat exchanger connected in series, the entrance
loss is usually negligible, but for annuli it may be significant.

 If the velocity is not well above 3fps, the entrance and exit losses may be neglected.
05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 26
 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 The Calculation Of Double Pipe Exchanger:

 All the equations developed previously will be combined to outline the solution of
double pipe exchanger.

 The calculation consists simply of computing ho and hi to obtain Uc

 Allowing a reasonable fouling resistance, a value of UD is calculated from which the surface
can be found with the use of Fourier equation Q=UDA𝛥t

 Usually the first problem is to determine which fluid should be placed in the annulus and which
in the inner pipe. This depend on the relative size of flow areas for both stream.

05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 27

 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 For equal allowable pressure drops both the hot and cold streams, the decision rests in the
arrangement producing the most nearly equal mass velocities and pressure drops.
 For the standard arrangements of double pipes the flow area are given Table below.

 Table. Flow area and equivalent diameters in double pipe exchangers.

Exchanger, Flow area, in.2 Annulus, in.
IPS Annulus Pipe de de’

2 x 1¼ 1.19 1.50 0.915 0.4

2½x1¼ 2.63 1.50 2.02 0.81
3 x2 2.93 3.35 1.57 0.69
4 x 3. 3.14 7.38 1.14 0.53

05/27/2021 By- Tesfa Nega (M.Sc.) 28

 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 In the outline and the next procedures, hot and cold fluid temperatures are
represented by upper and lower case letters respectively.
 All fluid properties are indicated by lower case letters to eliminate the
requirement for new nomenclature.
 Process conditions required:

 Hot fluid: T1, T2, W, C, s or 𝛒, μ, k, 𝜟P, Rdo or Rdi

 Cold fluid: t1,t2, w, c, s or 𝛒, μ, k, 𝜟P, Rdi or Rdo

 The diameter of the pipes must be given or assumed.

By Tesfa Nega
 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
A convenient order of calculation follows:
1. Heat balance
 From T1, T2, t1,t2 check the heat balance, Q , using c at Taverage
and taverage
Q=WC(T1-T2) = wc(t2-t1)
Where W and w are flowrates, C and c are specific heat capacity
 Radiation losses from the heat exchanger are usually insignificant compared with
the heat load transfer in the exchanger.
2. LMTD (counter flow)
Δt2-Δt1
LMTD=
Δt2
ln
Δt1

By Tesfa Nega
 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
3. Caloric temperature (Tc and tc)

 If neither of the fluid is very viscous at the cold terminal, say not more than 1.0
centipoise, if the temperature ranges ((T1-T2) or (t2-t1)) do not exceed 50-1000F, and if the
temperature difference (for counter current flow (T1- t2) and (T2-t1)) is less than 500F, the
arithmetic means of T1 and T2 and t1 and t2 may be used in place of Tc and t c for
evaluating the physical properties. So you need to check all these.
 And also for non-viscous fluids ɸ = (μ/μw) 0.14 may be assumed as 1.0.

 Check from table which flow area is greater for the a given double pipe standard. Place
the larger stream in the inner pipe or annulus by comparing their flow area which is
By Tesfa Nega
highest.
 Inner pipe
Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
πD 2
4. Flow area, ap= , ft 2
4

5. Mass velocity, Gp= w , Ib/ft 2 .hr

ap

6. Obtain μ from Figure 14 at Tc or t c depending upon which the flows through the
inner pipe. μ Ib/ft.hr=centipoise *2.42. From D (ft), G ( Ib
  / ft 2 ), and μ (Ib/ft.hr) obtain
. hr
GpD
the Reynolds number, Rep=
μ 1
hiD
 c / k    / w
0.14
7. From Fig. 24 in which j H= 3 vs DGp/ obtain jH
k
𝑝
8. At Tc or t c obtain c (from Figure 2), μ (from Figure 14 ) and k (from Table 4) and
compute  cμ/k 
1/3

�
9. To obtain hi multiply jH by �
k  1
hiD 1
k 1
 c     c / k    /  w   c / k 
� 0.14
  / k� 3   1 or 3
  3 *1  hi
D � k
By Tesfa Nega
D
�
By Tesfa Nega
By Tesfa Nega
 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
Inner pipe
10. Convert hi to hio, hio =hi (Ai/A)=hi *ID/OD

Annulus
4’. Flow area, π  D2 2  D12  , ft 2
aa=
4
Equivalent diameter De=
4*flow area

D 2
2
 D12  , ft
wetted perimeter D1
5’. Mass velocity, w
Ga= , Ib/ft 2 .hr
aa
6’. Obtain μ from Figure 14 at Tc or t c depending upon which the flows through the annulus.
μ Ib/ft.hr=centipoise *2.42. From De
𝑝 (ft), G (  
Ib / ft 2 . hr ), and μ (Ib/ft.hr) obtain the Reynolds
number, GaDe
Rea=
μ �
1
7’. From Fig. 24 obtain jH in which hoDe �
 c / k    / w
0.14
jH= 3 vs DeGa/
� k
��
� By Tesfa Nega
 Annulus
Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
8’. At Tc or t c obtain c (from Figure 2), μ (from Figure 14 ) and k (from Table 4)and
compute  cμ/k 
1/3

9’. To obtain ho multiply jHby

 k  1
hoDe 1
 k  1
 c / k     1 or  c / k    /  w   c / k 
0.14
  3 3
  3 *1  ho
 De  k  De 

11.Compute clean overall heat transfer coefficient

hioho
UC = ,J
hio + ho m 2 .s . K
12. Compute design
1
or dirty
1
overall𝑝 heat transfer coefficient
(𝑈𝐷)from = +RD
UD UC �
�
Due to 𝑅 𝑑 , heat transfer is no longer transferred by the original surface A (efficiency
�
��
reduced), so T is higher and t2 is lower than expected. But hi and ho remains substantially
2
� By Tesfa Nega
 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
 Let Rdi be the dirt factor for the inner pipe fluid at its inside diameter, and Rdo the dirt factor
for the annulus fluid at the outside diameter of the inner pipe. These may be considered
very thin for dirt but may be appreciably thick for scale, which has higher thermal
conductivity than dirt.
Rd = Rdi +Rdo
Q
13. Compute required surface area (A) from Q=UDALMTD  A=
UDLMTD
which may be translated into length.

The value of A correspond to UD rather than Uc provides the basis on which equipment is
ultimately built. If the length should not correspond to an integral number of hairpins, a
change in dirt factor will result. The recalculated dirt factor should equal or exceed the
required dirt factor by using the next larger integral number of hairpins.

By Tesfa Nega
 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
14. From Table 11, obtain external surface per foot length for IPS standard pipe.
surface required
Required length =
external surface per foot length

Then decide how many hairpins have to be connected in series.

Calculation of ∆p. this requires a knowledge of the total length of path satisfying the heat
transfer requirement.

Inner pipe,

(1). For Rep in (6) above obtain f from

16
f  for la min ar flow or
D *G / 
0.264
f  0.0035  for turbulent flow
 D *G / 
0.42

FP = 4 fG 2 L 2 g  2 D , ft
2. FpP / 144  Pp , psi By Tesfa Nega
 Design of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
Annulus ,
4  D2 2  D12  =D
(1’). Obtain De’ D'e= 4 (D1 +D2)
2 - D1, ft
GaD'e
(2). Compute the fractional Reynolds number, R'ea=
μ
16
For Rea’ obtain f from f 
De '* G / 
for la min ar flow or

0.264
f  0.0035  for turbulent flow
 De '* G /  
0.42

(2’). Fa = 4 fG 2
L 2 g  2
D ' e, ft

(3’). Entrance and exit losses, one velocity head per hairpin:
V2
ΔFI = ,ft/hairpin
2g

 ΔFa + ΔFI  =ΔPa , psi
144
By Tesfa Nega
Example 6.1. Double Pipe Benzene-Toluene Exchanger. It is desired
to heat 9820 lb/hr of cold benzene from 80 to 120°F using hot toluene
which is cooled from 160 to 100°F. The specific gravities at 88°F are
0.88 and 0.87, respectively. The other fluid properties will be found in
the Appendix. A fouling factor of 0.001 should be provided for each
stream, and the allowable pressure drop on each stream is 10.0 psi. A
number of 20-ft hairpins of 2- by 11/4-in. IPS pipe are available. How
many hairpins are required?

By Tesfa Nega
How can analysis the heat load if the pressure drop exceed from the permissible?

 Use by-pass: only three-quarters or two-thirds of the fluid flows through the exchanger
and the remainder through the by-pass. This does not provide an ideal solution, since
the reduced flow causes several unfavorable changes in the design.
 The reduced flow through the exchanger reduce the mass velocity and film coefficient.
 If less liquid circulates through the annulus, it has to be cooled over a long range than
from the expected.
 Decrease Uc and LMTD, increase the number of hairpins greatly even though the heat
load is constant
 Divide the stream (the larger stream may be divided into three, four, six parallel stream)
with series- parallel arrangement
By Tesfa Nega
How can analysis the heat load if the pressure drop exceed from the allowable?

By Tesfa Nega
How can analysis the heat load if the pressure drop exceed from the allowable?

The true temperature difference for series- parallel arrangements:

 The LMTD calculated from T1, T2, t1 and t2 for the series arrangement will not be
the same for a series-parallel arrangement.
t= γ(T1-t1)

 For one series hot stream and n-parallel cold streams

1-p' nR'   R'-1   1 
1/n
1 T1-T2 T 2-t1
= 2.3 log    +  ; R'= ; P'=
γ R'-1  R'   P'  R'  n  t2-t1 T1-t1

 For one series cold stream and n-parallel hot streams

  n  T1-T2 
1/n
1-p'' n  1  T1-t2
= 2.3 log  1-R''    +R''  ; R''= ; P''=
γ 1-R''   P''    t2-t1 T 1-t1

By Tesfa Nega
 Exchanger with viscosity correction,

 When the pipe wall temperature differ appreciably from the caloric temperature of the

 
0.14
μ
controlling fluid and the controlling fluid is viscous; the actual value of Φ = μw
must be taken into account.
 To include the correction, tw, may be determined by eq 15 or 16 from uncorrected value of
ho / 
and
a hio/,pwhich are then corrected accordingly by multiplication by and
a

p
respectively.
 The corrected coefficients where   1are
ho=  ho/a  *a hioho
Uc=
hio +ho
hio =  hio/p  * p

By Tesfa Nega
Exchanger with viscosity correction
when the cold fluid is inside in the pipe
ho/a
tw = tc + (T c -tc) ......... (15)
ho/a +hio/ p
hio/a
tw = T c - (Tc -tc) ......... (16)
ho/a +hio/p

 When the hot fluid is inside in the pipe these becomes

hio/p
tw = t c + (T c -tc) ......... (15a)
ho/a +hio/ p
And
ho/a
tw = T c - (Tc -tc) ......... (16a)
ho/a +hio/p

05/27/2021 By Tesfa Nega 45