Const PPT (Reinf. Types)

REINFORCEMENT TYPES
Steel Reinforcement
1. Steel Reinforcement is in the form of rebar or wire of steel, which is utilized in concrete members to
resist primarily tensile forces caused by externally applied loads or volume changes.
2. In Concrete steel is embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces.
3.The reinforcing steel-rods, bars, or mesh-absorbs the tensile, shear, and sometimes the compressive
stresses in a concrete structure.
4.Plain concrete does not easily withstand tensile and shear stresses caused by wind, earthquakes,
vibrations and other forces and is therefore unsuitable in most structural applications.
5.The most common types of Reinforcement are Plain & Deformed Reinforcing bars, Prestressing Steel
and wire reinforcement made of steel.
(a) Rebar
1. Rebar is a round bar or a finished product rolled to close tolerances and called reinforcing bar.
2. The types of steel bars used in construction are Plain & deformed reinforcement bars, ribbed bars,
HYSD Bars, Carbon Steel Bars, Low alloy steel bars, Stainless steel bars, Rail & Axle steel bars,
Galvanized steel bars, Low-carbon chromium bars and Epoxy coated bars etc.
01. Plain Reinforcement

1.1 Mild Steel Bars
•The steel in use till these days for construction purposes was Plain mild
steel bars. As per IS 432 (PART – I), It is designated as Fe-250 (Where 250
= 0.2 % Proof Stress or Yield Stress in N/mm2).
•Nowadays, it is used only for small projects in underdeveloped and

developing countries.
•According to ‘S. K. Duggal’ (Author of Building Materials), mild steel

reinforcement has proved to be a better choice for impact and suddenly
applied loads.
02. Deformed Reinforcement
1. Deformed reinforcements are steel rebar or steel wire having deformation on the surface. The
purpose of the deformations commonly referred to as ribs are to enhance the bond and friction
between the concrete and the bar or wire.
2. The types of deformed steel bars used as reinforcement are Mild Steel Ribbed bars, HYSD bars,
Carbon Steel bars, Low-Alloy Steel bars, Stainless Steel bars, Rail & Axle Steel bars, Galvanized steel
bars, Low carbon chromium bars, Epoxy coated bars etc.
2.1 Mild Steel Ribbed Bars

•For preventing ‘slip’ and improving the mechanical bonding between
steel rebar and cement concrete, mild steel ribbed bars were
developed and introduced around 1960.
•These are the hot rolled mild steel bars, but during rolling steel rods,
ribs are produced on them. These ribs increase the bonding strength
of the bars.
•Mild steel ribbed bars are not recommended by the Indian Standard
Code or even American Society of Testing & Materials (ASTM).
•At the time of the introduction of mild steel ribbed bars, there was
no specific patterns of ribs described. Rolling mills in different
countries followed different patterns of rib.
2.2 High Yield Strength Deformed Bars (HYSD Bars) Conforming to IS 1786: 2008
•High Yield Strength Deformed Steel Bars were introduced in India in 1967. They completely replaced
mild steel bars except in a few situations.
•As per IS 1786 High Yield Strength Deformed Steel Bars are used as reinforcement in concrete in the
following rebar steel grades:
(i) Fe 415, Fe 415D
(ii) Fe 500, Fe 500D
(iii) Fe 550, Fe 550D
(iv) Fe 600
(Figure after Fe indicate as 0.2% proof Stress or Yield Stress in N/mm 2& D indicates that it is more Ductile
)
•High Yield Strength Deformed Rebar has lugs, ribs or deformation on the surface which inhibit
longitudinal movement of the bars relative to the surrounding concrete. Thus, the deformed surface
ensures a better bond between reinforcement and concrete.
•These bars results in a considerable increase in yield, tensile and bond strength when twisted hot or
cold.
•Generally, the higher strength in steel can be obtained by increasing carbon content, Microalloying, Cold
twisting or thermomechanical Treatment. In India, the TMT Process and Cold Twisting are used in the
production of High Yield Strength Deformed Steel Bars.
From the above grade of steel bars, the D after figure indicated Ductile Bars. Ductile bars are usually
used when buildings are constructed for better seismic performance and Earthquake resistant.
They are generally preferred and used in Zone IV & V, i.e. zone likely to have an earthquake. Higher
the ductility, deformations without collapse/ failure.
2.2.1 Cold Twisted Deformed Bars (CTD Bars)
•The process of cold working involves stretching and twisting of mild steel beyond yield plateau to obtain
cold twisted deformed bars.
•Drawbacks of Cold Twisted Deformed Bars are that there are surface stress and visible cracks due to
cold twisting which leads to higher corrosion rate and durability problems. Therefore, most of the
European countries gave up the use of Cold Twisted Deformed Bars within a few years of its making.
•However, in India CTD Bars were commonly used up to 1992. Cold Twisted Deformed Bars (CTD Bars)
were sold in India under the brand name “TOR STEEL”.
2.2.2 Thermo Mechanically Twisted Bars (TMT Bars)
•The other method uses is a thermo – mechanical Treatment (TMT)
Process in which red hot rebars are quenched through a series of water
jets causing a hardened outer layer surrounding a softer core.
•Thus Resulting rebars have higher yield strength than mild steel and is
characterized with definite Yield Point, Superior ductility, Weldability and
bendability.
•Thermo – Mechanically Treated Bars (TMT Bars) are produced in various
grades by Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL) and TATA Steel. The trade
names of these bars are known as SAIL – TMT and TISCON – TMT
respectively.
•Thermo – Mechanically Treated Bars (TMT Bars) are nowadays a
fundamental requirement for construction in India.
•TMT Bars have improved properties such as yield strength, ductility,
toughness and corrosion resistance.
•TMT Bars have high resistance to seismic loads due to its higher ductility.
These make them as most suitable for use in earthquake- prone areas.
•With the improved properties, TMT Bars are economical and safe for
use. Hence it is widely used as a reinforcement for the construction of
roads, Buildings, Bridges etc. TMT Bars are recommended for use in high
– rise buildings because of saving in steel due to higher Strength.
2.2.2.1 Corrosion Resistant Rebar:
•The latest development of reinforcing bar are the thermo – mechanically treated high – strength
corrosion resistant (TMT – HCR) rebars.
•The TMT – HCR rebars have superior resistance to aggressive weather conditions. The chemistry of
TMT – HCR rebar is appropriately designed for substantially reducing atmospheric and marine
corrosion.
•TMT – HCR Rebar finds wide applications in different spheres including coastal and marine
environments which are susceptible to corrosion, bridges, dams, industrial structures and high-rise
buildings.
2.3 Deformed and Plain Carbon Steel Bars
•Carbon Steel Reinforcing bars conforming to the requirements of ASTM A615/A615M.
•Carbon Steel bars are the most commonly specified type of reinforcing bar and can be used in a wide
variety of applications where there are no special performance requirements.
Bars are designed as per following rebar steel grades,
•40 000 psi [280 MPa] or Grade 40 [280]
•60 000 psi [420 MPa] or Grade 60 [420]
•75 000 psi [520 MPa] or Grade 75 [520]
•80 000 psi [550 MPa] or Grade 80 [550]
•100 000 psi [690 MPa] or Grade 100 [690]
•It is rebar that is without anti- rust coating and has

the lowest price compared to zinc coating and
epoxy coating.
•Due to its price advantage, it is useful for building.
2.4 Low Alloy Steel Bars
•These Bars are usually designated as Grade 60 [420] and Grade 80 [550] respectively.
•The bars shall be processed from properly identified heats of mold – Cast or Strand – Cast Steel.
•The Steel used in the production of these bars shall be made by the process of the electric – furnace,
basic – oxygen or open – hearth.
•The low – alloy steel bars are specified in situations where enhanced weldability and ductility are
needed.
2.5 Stainless Steel Bars
Stainless Steel Bars have features of long – life cycles and
long-term corrosion resistance property. Although it is
the most expansive rebar, it has superior effectiveness of
cost
•High and low temperature resistance.

•Ease of fabrication.
•High Strength.
•Aesthetic appeal.
•Hygiene and ease of cleaning.
•Long life cycle.
•Recyclable.
•Low magnetic permeability.
2.6 Rail & Axle Steel Bars
Rail – Steel Bars are designated as the following rebar steel
grades,
(a) 50 000 psi [350 MPa] or Grade 50 [350]
(b) 60 000 psi [420 MPa] or Grade 60 [420]
Axle – Steel Bars are designated as the following rebar steel
grades,
(a) 40 000 psi [280 MPa] or Grade 40 [280]
(b) 60 000 psi [420 MPa] or Grade 60 [420]
2.7 Galvanized Steel Bars

•Galvanized (Zinc – Coated) bars are obtained by dipping
ASTM A615, ASTM A706 and ASTM 996 Bars in a molten bath
of zinc in accordance with ASTM A767/A767M.
•It is normal black rebar with a layer of zinc coating, which can
prevent the rebar from rusting and corrosion.
•According to the ‘Fahim Al – Neshawy’ (Scientist of
Department of civil engineering in Aalto University, Finland),
Owing to the property of zinc coating, it can be used in
bridges.
2.8 Low – Carbon Chromium Bars
•Low-carbon chromium bars conforming to ASTM A1035/A1035M are permitted to be used only as
spiral reinforcement or transverse reinforcement in columns.
•These limitations are imposed because the chromium steel used to manufacture reinforcing bars
has low ductility and a relatively large minimum yield strength of 80,000 psi.
2.9 Epoxy Coated Bars
Deformed and Plain Epoxy-Coated Bars

•Epoxy-coated bars are manufactured in the following two ways.
•The first method, a protective epoxy coating is applied by the electrostatic spray method to ASTM
A615, ASTM A706 and ASTM A996 in accordance with ASTM A775/A775M-07a. The bars are usually
fabricated after the application of the epoxy coating.
•In the second method, ASTM A615, ASTM A706 and ASTM A996 bars are prefabricated and then
coated with a protective fusion-bonded epoxy coating by electrostatic spray or other suitable methods
in accordance with ASTM A934/A934M-07.
•According to the ‘DAVID P. GUSTAFSON’ (Technical Director of Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute),
Epoxy – Coated rebars are considered by many engineers to be one of the most effective and corrosion
protection systems.
•Epoxy Coated bars were first used in bridge decks as early 1973 in Pennsylvania. Since then, the uses of
Epoxy-coated bars have continually expanded.
•More states and government agencies are specifying coated bars in bridge decks and in other
transportation structures.
•Epoxy – Coated bars are now used in parking garages, marine structures, water and wastewater
treatment plants and other hydraulic structures.
(b) Wire Reinforcement
The various deformed wires that can be used as a steel reinforcement are hard-drawn steel wire fabrics,
welded deformed wire fabrics, Epoxy coated steel wire and welded wire, Stainless steel wire and welded
wire. 1. Hard – Drawn Steel Wire Fabrics Conforming to IS 1566: 1982
Hard-drawn Steel Wire Fabrics are made by a series of wires arranged at right angles to each other.
According to IS 1566, There are two types of Hard-drawn Steel Wire Fabrics,
(i) Oblong Mesh
(ii) Square Mesh
•The wire shall be cold-drawn from mild steel made by a various process such as open hearth, electric
duplex, acid Bessemer, basic oxygen or combination of them.
•According to IS 432 (PART II): 1982, the diameter of hard-drawn wire is 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm
and 10 mm.
•Mesh sizes, Weight and size of wires for square and oblong welded wire fabric shall be as agreed to
between the purchaser and manufacturer.
•The Specification of Steel Wire also available in ASTM A496/A496M-07.
02. Welded Deformed Wire Fabrics
• Welded Deformed wire is fabricated from a series of wires arranged at right angles to each other and
welded at all intersection. It is much stronger than mild steel and available in different width rolls under
ASTM A497/A497M-07.
•Also, Plain Welded wire fabrics are available which conforms to ASTM A496/A496M-07.
•Welded Wire fabrics are used for floor slabs on well-compacted ground, road and runway pavements,
culverts and small canal linings.
Other types of wire which used as reinforcement are,
•Epoxy Coated Steel Wire and Welded Wires, which conforms to the ASTM A884/ A884M-06.
•Stainless-Steel Wire and Welded Wires, which conforms to the ASTM A1022/ A1022M-07.
(c) Prestressing Steel
•Prestressing Steel generally consists of wires, bars, strands or bundles of such elements.
•The Steel is stressed under high-tensile forces either before the concrete is cast (Pretensioned) or after
the concrete is cast and has hardened (Posttensioned).
01. Medium Tensile Steel Bars

•The steel reinforcement having an ultimate tensile strength more than 540 N/mm 2 is categorized as
Medium tensile steel Bars.
•These types of rebars are used when concrete reinforcement requires strength more than that of Mild
steel Bars.
02. High Tensile Steel Bars

•The steel reinforcement having an ultimate tensile strength in a higher range (1000 – 2200 N/mm 2) is
categorized as High Tensile Steel Bars.
These types of rebars are generally used in prestressed concrete construction.

Structural Steel shapes are made out of the kind of steel, which is found out a precise cross-section, at
the same time it follows definite standards for mechanical properties. It comes in various shapes like I-
beam, Z shape, HSS shape, L shape structural channel, T shaped, Rail profile, Bar, Rod, Plate, Open joist
of web steel etc.

Const PPT (Reinf. Types)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Const PPT (Reinf. Types)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Const PPT (Reinf. Types)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

REINFORCEMENT TYPES

01. Plain Reinforcement

•Nowadays, it is used only for small projects in underdeveloped and

•According to ‘S. K. Duggal’ (Author of Building Materials), mild steel

2.1 Mild Steel Ribbed Bars

•It is rebar that is without anti- rust coating and has

•High and low temperature resistance.

2.7 Galvanized Steel Bars

2.9 Epoxy Coated Bars

Deformed and Plain Epoxy-Coated Bars

01. Medium Tensile Steel Bars

02. High Tensile Steel Bars

These types of rebars are generally used in prestressed concrete construction.

You might also like