Intermolecular Forces PPT AS Alevels

Chemical Bonding
Intermolecular Forces
Types of Intermolecular force
The molecules in simple covalent substances are not entirely isolated from one another. There are forces
of attraction between them. These are called intermolecular forces.
There are three main types of intermolecular force:

 van der Waals forces – for example, found between I2 molecules in iodine crystals.
 permanent dipole–dipole forces – for example, found between HCl molecules in hydrogen
chloride.
 hydrogen bonds – for example, found between H2O molecules in water.

POLAR MOLECULES
Occurrence not all molecules containing polar bonds are polar overall
if bond dipoles ‘cancel each other’ the molecule isn’t polar
if there is a ‘net dipole’ the molecule will be polar
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE TETRACHLOROMETHANE WATER
NET DIPOLE - POLAR NON-POLAR NET DIPOLE - POLAR

Dipole-Dipole Forces
Attractive forces between polar molecules
Orientation of Polar Molecules in a Solid

Permanent dipole–dipole forces
If molecules contain bonds with a permanent dipole, the molecules may align so there is electrostatic
attraction between the opposite charges on neighbouring molecules.
Permanent dipole–dipole
forces (dotted lines) occur in
hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas.
The permanent dipole–dipole forces are approximately one hundredth the strength of a covalent
bond.
Ion-Dipole Forces
Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule
Ion-Dipole Interaction
What type(s) of intermolecular forces exist between each of
the following molecules?
HBr
HBr is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are also
dispersion forces between HBr molecules.
CH4
CH4 is nonpolar: dispersion forces.
S O
SO2 O
SO2 is a polar molecule: dipole-dipole forces. There are also
dispersion forces between SO2 molecules.
Strength of van der Waals forces
200
150
The strength of van der Waals
boiling point (°C)

100
forces increases as molecular 50
size increases. 0
-50
-100
-150
This is illustrated by the
-200
boiling points of group 7 F2 Cl2 Br2 I2
elements. element
Atomic radius increases down the group, so the outer electrons become further from the nucleus. They
are attracted less strongly by the nucleus and so temporary dipoles are easier to induce.
Strength of van der Waals forces
The points of contact between molecules also affects the strength of van der Waals forces.
butane (C4H10) 2-methylpropane (C4H10)
boiling point = 272 K boiling point = 261 K
Straight chain alkanes can pack closer together than branched alkanes, creating more points of contact
between molecules. This results in stronger van der Waals forces.

Hydrogen Bond
A hydrogen bond is the electrostatic attraction between two polar
groups that occurs when a hydrogen (H) atom covalently bound to a
highly electronegative atom experiences the electrostatic field of
another highly electronegative atom nearby. A & B are N, O, or F
A H…B or A H… A
Hydrogen bonding
In molecules with OH or NH groups, a
lone pair of electrons on nitrogen or
oxygen is attracted to the slight positive
charge on the hydrogen on a
neighbouring molecule.
hydrogen bond
lone pair
Hydrogen bonding makes the melting and boiling points of water higher than might be expected. It also
means that alcohols have much higher boiling points than alkanes of a similar size.
Why is the hydrogen bond considered a “special”
dipole-dipole interaction?
Decreasing molar mass

Decreasing boiling point
BOILING POINTS OF HYDRIDES
100
GROUP IV
The boiling points of the hydrides
increase with molecular mass. CH4
has the lowest boiling point as it
BOILING POINT / C°
is the smallest molecule.
0 Mr
50 100 140
PbH4
GeH4
SiH4
Larger molecules have greater
intermolecular forces and
therefore higher boiling points
-160 CH4
100
GROUP V
NH3 has a higher boiling point
than expected for its molecular
mass. There must be an
BOILING POINT / C°
additional intermolecular force.
0 Mr
50 100 140
NH3
-160
100 H2O
GROUP VI
H2O has a very much higher
boiling point for its molecular
BOILING POINT / C°
0 Mr
50 100 140
-160
100
GROUP VII
HF has a higher boiling point
than expected for its molecular
BOILING POINT / C°

HF
0 Mr
50 100 140
-160
100 H2O
The higher than expected boiling

points of NH3, H2O and HF are due to
intermolecular HYDROGEN BONDING
BOILING POINT / C°
HF
0 Mr
50 100 140
NH3
GROUP IV
GROUP V
GROUP VI
GROUP VII
-160
HYDROGEN BONDING - ICE
each water molecule is hydrogen-bonded to 4

others in a tetrahedral formation
ice has a “diamond-like” structure
volume is larger than the liquid making it
when ice melts, the structure collapses

slightly and the molecules come closer; they
then move a little further apart as they get
more energy as they warm up
this is why…
a) water has a maximum density at 4°C
b) ice floats.
hydrogen bonding
lone pair
Heat capacity of water
It takes a lot of heat to increase the temperature of liquid water because some of the heat
must be used to break hydrogen bonds between the molecules.
Heat of vaporization of water

It also takes an unusual amount of heat to vaporize a given amount of water,
because hydrogen bonds must be broken in order for the molecules to fly off as
gas.
HYDROGEN BONDING - HF
d¯ d¯
F d+ F d+
d +
d+
H H
d¯ H d¯ H
F F
hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen fluoride has a much higher boiling point than one

would expect for a molecule with a relative molecular mass of 20
Fluorine has the highest electronegativity of all and is a small

atom so the bonding with hydrogen is extremely polar
At room temperature and pressure, H 2O is a liquid and H2S is a gas.
.
Which statement can be explained by intermolecular hydrogen bonding?

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Chemical Bonding

of attraction between them. These are called intermolecular forces.

There are three main types of intermolecular force:

 hydrogen bonds – for example, found between H2O molecules in water.

HYDROGEN CHLORIDE TETRACHLOROMETHANE WATER

NET DIPOLE - POLAR NON-POLAR NET DIPOLE - POLAR

Attractive forces between polar molecules

Orientation of Polar Molecules in a Solid

attraction between the opposite charges on neighbouring molecules.

forces (dotted lines) occur in

hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas.

Attractive forces between an ion and a polar molecule

boiling point (°C)

butane (C4H10) 2-methylpropane (C4H10)

boiling point = 272 K boiling point = 261 K

between molecules. This results in stronger van der Waals forces.

lone pair of electrons on nitrogen or

oxygen is attracted to the slight positive

charge on the hydrogen on a

Decreasing molar mass

is the smallest molecule.

additional intermolecular force.

additional intermolecular force.

additional intermolecular force.

The higher than expected boiling

each water molecule is hydrogen-bonded to 4

when ice melts, the structure collapses

Heat of vaporization of water

Hydrogen fluoride has a much higher boiling point than one

Fluorine has the highest electronegativity of all and is a small

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