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Contribution of Muslims in The Development of Science

Muslims made many important contributions to science from the 8th to 16th centuries. Jabir ibn Hayyan introduced experimental methods and laboratory equipment in chemistry. Al-Khwarizmi founded algorithms, enabling computers. The astrolabe and first glass were invented, and attempts at flight were made. Foundational work was conducted in optics, astronomy, medicine, pharmacology, and other fields. Instruments, techniques, and scientific works established during this period formed the basis for later scientific advancement.

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Noor Ali
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73 views13 pages

Contribution of Muslims in The Development of Science

Muslims made many important contributions to science from the 8th to 16th centuries. Jabir ibn Hayyan introduced experimental methods and laboratory equipment in chemistry. Al-Khwarizmi founded algorithms, enabling computers. The astrolabe and first glass were invented, and attempts at flight were made. Foundational work was conducted in optics, astronomy, medicine, pharmacology, and other fields. Instruments, techniques, and scientific works established during this period formed the basis for later scientific advancement.

Uploaded by

Noor Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Contribution of Muslims in

the development of
science
Contribution of Muslims in
the development of science
In 780, Jabir ibn Hayyan, a Muslim chemist who is considered
by many to be the father of chemistry, introduced the
experimental scientific method for chemistry, as well as
laboratory apparatus such as the alembic, still and retort, and
chemical processes such as pure distillation, liquefaction,
crystallisation, and filtration.

He also invented more than twenty types of


laboratory apparatus, leading to the discovery of
many chemical substances.
Cont…
•Muhammad bin Musa-al-Khwarizmi founded the
algorithm. Without algorithms we would not have had
computers.

•In 796,the first brass astrolabe was built by


Muhammad al-Fazari.

•The astrolabe was a complicated astronomical devise that served


many purposes like telling time, showing the positions of the stars.
Cont…
In 810, Abbas Ibn Firnas was born. He was the first to make glass
from stones (quartz).He made the earliest recorded attempt at
controlled flight, devised means of manufacturing colorless glass, and
developed a process for cutting rock crystal.
In 820, Amr ibn Bahr al-Jahiz wrote a number of works on
zoology, Arabic grammar, rhetoric, and lexicography. His most
famous work is the Book of Animals, in which he first discussed
food chains.
Cont…
•In 850, the basic water turbine was invented by Muslim
engineers in the Islamic world
•In 865 Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi was born. He
described a variety of tools for melting substances and the
preparation of drugs.

•In 880, Al-Dinawari, the founder of Arabic botany, wrote the


Book of Plants, which describes at least 637 plants; it discusses
the phases of plant growth and the production of flowers and
fruit.
Cont…
In the 10th century ,the first reference to an "observation tube" is
found in the work of Al-Battani, and the first exact description of
the observation tube was given by al-Biruni. Though these early
observation tubes did not have lenses, they "enabled an observer
to focus on a part of the sky by eliminating light interference."
These observation tubes were later adopted in Latin-speaking
Europe, where they may have influenced the development of the
telescope.
Cont…
•In 925, Kerosene was produced from the distillation
of petroleum and was first described by al-Razi in
Baghdad. He also described the first kerosene lamps
used for heating and lighting in his Kitab al-Asrar
(Book of Secrets).
•The earliest historical record of a reservoir fountain pen dates back
to 953, when Ma'ād alMu'izz, the caliph of Egypt, demanded a pen
which would not stain his hands or clothes, and was provided with a
pen which held ink in a reservoir and delivered it to the nib via gravity
and capillary action, as recorded by Qadi al-Nu'man al Tamimi
(d. 974) in his Kitab al Majalis wa'l- musayardt.
Cont…
In 964, Abd -al-Rehman al-Sufi wrote the
Book of Fixed Stars, a star catalogue thoroughly
illustrated with observations and descriptions of
the stars, their positions, their apparent
magnitudes and their colour.

In 1000, Ammar ibn Ali of Mosul wrote the


Choice of Eye Diseases, a landmark text on
ophthalmology in medieval Islam.
Cont…
In 1000 Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
published his 30-volume medical
encyclopedia, the Al-Tasrif, which
remained a standard textbook in Muslim and
European universities until the 16th century.
The book first introduced many surgical
instruments and a variety of other
instruments. He also invented the plaster
cast cotton dressing, oral anaesthesia,
inhalational anaesthetic, and anaesthetic
sponge.
Cont…
In 1010, Al-Sijzi invented the Zuraqi, a unique
astrolabe designed for a heliocentric planetary model in
which the Earth is moving rather than the sky.
Cont…
Ibn al-Haitham proved that light travels in straight lines using
the scientific method by carrying out various experiments with
lenses, mirrors, refraction, and reflection in his Book of Optics
(1021). He was considered the father of optics and pioneer
of scientific method. His Book of Optics correctly explains light
and vision, and introduces experimental scientific method,
laying the foundations for experimental physics.
Ibn al-Haytham also gave the first clear description and correct
analysis of the camera and pinhole camera and built the world's
first camera obscura.
Cont
…
In 1030, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni stated that light has a finite
speed, and he was the first to theorize that the speed of light is
much faster than the speed of sound.

In 1300, when the Black Death bubonic plague reached al-


Andalus, Ibn Khatima discovered that infectious diseases are
caused by microorganisms which enter the human body.
Cont…

In 1577, Taqi al-Din built the Istanbul observatory of Taqi al-Din, the
largest astronomical observatory in its time
Taqi al-Din was able to achieve this with his invention of the
"observational clock", a mechanical astronomical clock that can
measure time in seconds.

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