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EEDP Lect 06 Amplifiers 3 Classes

1. Amplifiers are classified according to frequency capabilities, coupling methods, and use. They can be audio amplifiers, RF amplifiers, direct coupled, transformer coupled, voltage amplifiers or power amplifiers. 2. Voltage amplifiers aim to amplify input voltage with minimal current output, while power amplifiers aim to amplify input power with minimal voltage change. 3. Amplifiers are also classified by their mode of operation - Class A operates linearly over the entire cycle, while Class B operates linearly for 180 degrees and is more efficient. Class AB and C operate over more or less than 180 degrees respectively.

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119 views20 pages

EEDP Lect 06 Amplifiers 3 Classes

1. Amplifiers are classified according to frequency capabilities, coupling methods, and use. They can be audio amplifiers, RF amplifiers, direct coupled, transformer coupled, voltage amplifiers or power amplifiers. 2. Voltage amplifiers aim to amplify input voltage with minimal current output, while power amplifiers aim to amplify input power with minimal voltage change. 3. Amplifiers are also classified by their mode of operation - Class A operates linearly over the entire cycle, while Class B operates linearly for 180 degrees and is more efficient. Class AB and C operate over more or less than 180 degrees respectively.

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Electrical, Electronic and Digital Principles

(EEDP)

Lecture 6
Amplifiers Classes

‫ باسم ممدوح الحلوانى‬.‫د‬


Classification Of Amplifiers
1. According to frequency capabilities.
Amplifiers are classified as audio amplifiers , radio frequency amplifiers
• AF Amplifier are used to amplify the signals lying in the audio range ( i.e. 20
Hz to 20 kHz )
• RF amplifiers are used to amplify signals having very high frequency.

2. According to coupling methods.


• R-C coupled amplifiers,
• Transformer coupled amplifiers
• Direct Coupled

EEDP - Basem ElHalawany 2


Classification Of Amplifiers
3. According to use.
a. Voltage amplifiers
• Amplify the input voltage, if possible with minimal current at the output.
• The power gain of the voltage amplifier is low.
• The main application is to strengthen the signal to make it less affected by noise
and attenuation.
• Ideal voltage amp. have infinite input impedance & zero output impedance.
a. Power amplifiers
• Amplify the input power, if possible with minimal change in the output voltage
• Power amp. are used in devices which require a large power across the loads.
• In multi stage amplifiers, power amplification is made in the final stages
 Audio amplifiers and RF amplifiers use it to deliver sufficient power the load.
 Servo motor controllers use power it to drive the motors.

EEDP - Basem ElHalawany 3


Classification Of Amplifiers

Voltage amplifiers Power amplifiers


current gain low high

Voltage gain high low

Heat dissipation low high

cooling mechanism not required required

Transistor Size Small Large to dissipate heat

Base Width small Wide to handle higher


current
Beta Usually high >100 Low usually < 20

EEDP - Basem ElHalawany 4


(Mode of operation)

5
6
7
8
 Class B amplifier: When an amplifier is biased at cutoff so that it operates in the
linear region for 180o of the input cycle and is in cutoff for 180o
 Class AB amplifiers: are biased to conduct for slightly more than 180o
 Both are more efficient than a class A amplifier;

 A disadvantage of class B or class AB is that it is more difficult to implement the


circuit in order to get a linear reproduction of the input waveform.
 The term push-pull refers to a common type of class B or class AB amplifier
circuit in which two transistors are used on alternating half-cycles to reproduce
the input waveform at the output.

EEDP - Basem ElHalawany 9


 The class B amplifier is biased at the cutoff point so that

 It is brought out of cutoff and operates in its linear region when the input
signal drives the transistor into conduction.

 The Circuit only conducts for the


positive half of the cycle.
 Can not amplify the entire cycle

emitter-follower circuit

EEDP - Basem ElHalawany 10


 To amplify the entire cycle, it is necessary to add a second class B amplifier
that operates on the negative half of the cycle.
 The combination of two class B amplifiers working together is called push-pull
operation
 There are two common approaches for using push-pull amplifiers to
reproduce the entire waveform.

1. Transformer Coupling

 The input transformer thus


converts the input signal to two
out-of-phase signals for the two
npn transistors.

 The output transformer combines the signals by permitting current in both


directions, even though one transistor is always cut off.

EEDP - Basem ElHalawany 11


2. Complementary Symmetry Transistors

 The figure shows one of the most popular types of push-pull class B amplifiers
using two emitter-followers and both positive and negative power supplies.
 This is a complementary amplifier because one emitter-follower uses an npn
transistor and the other a pnp, which conduct on opposite alternations of the
input cycle.

EEDP - Basem ElHalawany 12


Crossover Distortion
 When the dc base voltage is zero, both transistors are off and the input signal
voltage must exceed VBE before a transistor conducts.
 Because of this, there is a time interval between the positive and negative
alternations of the input when neither transistor is conducting, as shown in
Figure.
 The resulting distortion in the output waveform is called crossover distortion.

EEDP - Basem ElHalawany 13


Biasing the Push-Pull Amplifier for Class AB Operation
 To overcome crossover distortion, the biasing is adjusted to just overcome the
VBE of the transistors
 In class AB operation, the push-pull stages are biased into slight conduction,
even when no input signal is present.
 This can be done with a voltage-divider and diode arrangement, as shown

 Using equal values of R1 and R2 the positive and


negative supply voltages forces the voltage at point
A to equal 0 V and eliminates the need for an
input coupling capacitor.
 When the diode characteristics of D1 and D2 are
closely matched to the characteristics of the
transistor BE junctions, the current in the diodes
and the current in the transistors are the same;
((current mirror.))
The diode current will be the same as ICQ

14
Biasing the Push-Pull Amplifier for Class AB Operation 15
 AC Operation
 The Q-point is slightly above cutoff.
(In a true class B amplifier, the Q-
point is at cutoff.)
 The ac cutoff voltage is at VCC
 The ac saturation current is:

 In class A , the Q-point is near the middle and there is significant current in the
transistors even with no signal.
 In class B , when there is no signal, the transistors have only a very small current
and therefore dissipate very little power.
 Thus, the efficiency of a class B amplifier can be much higher than a class A
amplifier.
 The circuit operation is the same as
that described previously, except the
bias is set to force the output emitter
voltage to be

EEDP - Basem ElHalawany 16


Maximum Output Power

DC Input Power

Efficiency

17
Class C amplifiers
 Class C amplifiers are biased so that conduction occurs for much less than 180o
 Class C amplifiers are more efficient than either class A , B, or AB

 The output amplitude is a nonlinear function of the input, so class C amplifiers


are not used for linear amplification.
 They are generally used in radio frequency (RF) applications, including resonance
circuits

Basic Class C Operation

 A class C amplifier is normally operated with a


resonant circuit load, so the resistive load is used
only for the purpose of illustrating the concept.
 The ac source voltage has a peak value that exceeds
the barrier potential of the base-emitter junction for
a short time near the positive peak of each cycle,
18
Class C amplifiers
Basic Class C Operation
 During this short interval, the transistor is
turned on.
 The power dissipation of the transistor in a class
C amplifier is low because it is on for only a small
percentage of the input cycle
 The power dissipation during the on time is

 The power dissipation averaged over the entire cycle is

Check EXAMPLE 7–7 (Floyde)


19
Tuned Class C Operation
 Because the collector voltage (output) is not a replica of the input, the resistively
loaded class C amplifier alone is of no value in linear applications.
 It is therefore necessary to use a class C amplifier with a parallel resonant circuit
(tank), as shown

 The short pulse of collector current on each cycle of the input initiates and
sustains the oscillation of the tank circuit so that an output sinusoidal voltage is
produced

EEDP - Basem ElHalawany 20

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