DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 1

CHAPTER 1 DATABASE SYSTEMS

J O H A I R A U. L I D A S A N , M C S
 Data vs Information

Data – are raw facts

Information – is the result of processing raw data to
reveal its meaning

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 Database and the DBMS

Database – is a shared, integrated computer structure

that stores a collection of end-user data and
metadata
Data management – is a discipline that focuses on the
proper generation, storage and retrieval of data.
DBMS – is a collection of programs that manages the
database structure and controls access to the data
stored in the database

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 Role and Advantages of the DBMS

Improved data sharing – end users have better access to more data and
better-managed data
Improved data security – a DBMS provides a framework for better
enforcement of data privacy and security policies
Better data integration – wider access to well-managed data promotes an
integrated view of the organization’s operations
Minimized data inconsistency – data inconsistency exists when different
versions of the same data appear in different places
Improved data access – a query is a specific request issued to the DBMS
for data manipulation
Improved decision making – better-managed data and improved data
access make it possible to generate better quality information on which
better decisions are based
Increased end-user productivity

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 Types of Databases

Single-user database
 Desktop database – database that runs on a PC
Multi-user database
 Workgroup database – supports relatively small number of
users (fewer than 50)
 Enterprise database – supports many users (more than 50)
Centralized database
Distributed database
Operational database
Data warehouse database

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 Why Database Design is important?

Database design – refers to the activities that focus on

the design of the database structure that will be used
to store and manage end-user data

A well-designed database facilitates data management

and generates accurate and valuable information.
A poorly designed database is likely to become a
breeding ground for difficult-to-trace errors that may
lead to bad decision making that can lead to the failure
of an organization

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 Files and Files Systems

Data – “raw” facts

Field – a character or group of characters that has a
specific meaning. A field is used to define and store
data
Record – a logically connected set of one or more fields
that describes a person, place or thing.
File – a collection of related records

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 Limitations of File Systems

It requires extensive programming

It cannot perform ad hoc queries
System administration can be complex and difficult
It is difficult to make changes to existing structures
Security features are likely to be inadequate

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 Data Redundancy

Data redundancy exists when the same data are stored

unnecessarily at different places
Data inconsistency – exists when different and conflicting
versions of the same data appear in different places. It lacks of
data integrity
 Data Integrity – defined as the condition in which all of the data in the
database are consistent with the real-world events and conditions
Data anomalies – a field value change should be made in only a
single place. It develops when all the required changes in the
redundant data are not made successfully
 Update anomalies
 Insertion anomalies
 Deletion anomalies

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 Database Systems

Database system – refers to an organization of

components that define and regulate the collection,
storage, management and use of data within a
database environment.

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 Components of Database system

Hardware – refers to all of the system’s physical

devices
Software
 Operating system software – manages all hardware
components and makes it possible for all other software to run
on the computers
 DBMS software – manages the database within the database
system
 Application programs and utility software – are used to access
and manipulate data in the DBMS

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 Components of Database system

People – this includes all users of the database

system
 System administrators – oversee the database system’s general
operations
 Database administrators – also known as DBAs, manage the
DBMS and ensure that the database is functioning properly
 Database designers – design the database structure
 Systems analysts and programmers – design and implement
the application programs
 End users – are the people who use the application programs
to run the organization’s daily operations

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 Components of Database system

Procedures – are the instructions and rules that

govern the design and use of the database system
Data – covers the collection of facts stored in the
database

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 DBMS Functions

Data dictionary management – stores definitions of

the data elements and their relationships in a data
dictionary. It uses the data dictionary to look up the
required data component structures and
relationships.

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 DBMS Functions

Data storage management – creates and manages

the complex structures required for data storage. It
provides not only for the data but also for related
data entry forms or screen definitions, report
definitions, data validation rules, procedural code,
structures to handle video and picture formats and
so on. It is important for database performance
tuning to fulfill database requests concurrently.
 Performance tuning – relates to activities that make the
database perform more efficiently in terms of storage and
speed.

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 DBMS Functions

Data transformation and presentation – transforms

entered data to conform to required data structures
Security management – creates a security system that
enforces user security and data privacy.
Multiuser access control – to provide data integrity and
data consistency, the DBMS uses sophisticated
algorithms to ensure that multiple users can access the
database concurrently without compromising the
integrity of the database
Backup and recovery management – provides backup
and data recovery to ensure data safety and integrity

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 DBMS Functions

Data integrity management – promotes and enforces

integrity rules, thus minimizing data redundancy and
maximizing data consistency
Database access languages and application programming
interfaces – provides data access through a query language
 Query language – is a nonprocedural language – one that lets user
specify what must be done without having to specify how it is to be
done
 Structured Query Language – is the de facto query language and data
access standard supported by the majority of DBMS vendors
Database communication interfaces – accepts end-user
requests via multiple, different network requirements

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 DBMS Disadvantages

Increased costs – database systems require sophisticated

hardware and software and highly skilled personnel
Management complexity – database systems interface with
many different technologies and have a significant impact on a
company’s resources and culture
Maintaining currency – to maximize the efficiency of the
database system, you must keep your system current
Vendor dependence – given the heavy investment in
technology and personnel training, companies might be
reluctant to change database vendors
Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles – DBMS vendors
frequently upgrade their products by adding new functionality

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