Integrative Programming and Technologies

Chapter Two (3)

Data Mapping and Exchange
 Data Mapping
 Data mapping is the process of creating data element mappings between two
distinct data models.
 In metadata, the term data element is an atomic unit of data that has precise
meaning or precise semantics. A data element has:
 An identification such as a data element name
 A clear data element definition
 One or more representation terms
 Optional enumerated values Code (metadata)
 A list of synonyms to data elements

 A data model organizes data elements and standardizes how the data elements

relate to one another.

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 Data Exchange
 Data exchange is the process of taking data structured under a source schema and actually
transforming it into data structured under a target schema, so that the target data is an accurate
representation of the source data.
Example
Standard Interchange Format for geospatial data, Data Interchange Format for spreadsheet data, Quicken
Interchange Format for financial data etc.
 Data Exchange Language
The term is also applied to any file format that can be read by more than one program, including proprietary
formats such as Microsoft Office documents.
Example
Resource Description Framework (RDF), JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), Rebol, YAML, Gellish, XML

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 Metadata
 Metadata (meta content) is defined as the data providing information about one or
more aspects of the data, such as:
 Means of creation of the data
 Purpose of the data
 Time and date of creation
 Creator or author of the data
 Location on a computer network where the data were created.
Example
 Digital image may include metadata that describe the picture size, the color depth, the image
resolution, time and date of image creation.
 A text document's metadata may contain information about how long the document is, who the
author is, when the document was written, and a short summary of the document.

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 Introduction to XML
 XML stands for Extensible Markup Language
 XML is a markup language much like HTML
 XML was designed to describe data, not to display data
 XML tags are not predefined. You must define your own tags
 XML is designed to be self-descriptive
 XML is a W3C Recommendation
 XML does not DO anything
Difference between XML and HTML
 XML is not a replacement for HTML; XML is a complement to HTML.
 XML is a software- and hardware-independent tool for carrying information.
 XML was designed to describe data, with focus on what data is
 HTML was designed to display data, with focus on how data looks

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 Introduction to XML
How Can XML be used?
 XML is used in many aspects of web development, often to simplify data storage and sharing.
 XML Separates Data from HTML
 XML Simplifies Data Sharing
 XML Simplifies Data Transport
 XML Simplifies Platform Changes
 Internet Languages Written in XML
 Several Internet languages are written in XML. Here are some examples: XHTML, XML Schema,
SVG, WSDL and RSS

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 XMLTree
XML Documents Form a Tree Structure
 XML documents must contain a root element. This element is "the parent" of all other elements.
 The elements in an XML document form a document tree. The tree starts at the root and branches to
the lowest level of the tree.
 All elements can have sub elements (child elements):
<root>
  <child>
    <sub child>......</sub child>
  </child>
</root>
 The terms parent, child, and sibling are used to describe the relationships between elements.
 Parent elements have children. Children on the same level are called siblings (brothers or sisters).
 All elements can have text content and attributes (just like in HTML).

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 XMLTree
XML Naming Rules
XML elements must follow these naming rules:
 Names can contain letters, numbers, and other characters
 Names cannot start with a number or punctuation character
 Names cannot start with the letter’s xml (or XML, or Xml, etc)
 Names cannot contain spaces
Any name can be used, no words are reserved.
XML Attributes

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 XMLTree
 The image above represents one book in the XML below:
<bookstore>
  <book category="COOKING">
    <title lang="en">Everyday Ethiopian</title>
    <author>Gada Waktolo</author>
    <year>2011</year>
    <price>90.00 birr</price>
  </book>
  <book category="Programming Language">  The root element in the example is <bookstore>.
    <title lang="en">XML</title> All <book> elements in the document are
    <author>Dr.Tola Bariso </author>
contained within <bookstore>.
    <year>2010</year>
    <price>150.00 birr</price>  The <book> element has 4 children: <title>,
  </book> <author>, <year>, <price>.
 </bookstore>

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 XML Syntax Rules
1. All XML Elements Must Have a Closing Tag
 In HTML, some elements do not have to have a closing tag:
 <p>This is a paragraph.
<br>
 In XML, it is illegal to omit the closing tag. All elements must have a closing tag:
 <p>This is a paragraph. </p>
<br />
2. XML Tags are Case Sensitive
 XML tags are case sensitive. The tag <Letter> is different from the tag <letter>.
 Opening and closing tags must be written with the same case:
 <Message>This is incorrect</message>
<message>This is correct</message>

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 XML Syntax Rules
3. XML Elements Must be Properly Nested
 In HTML, you might see improperly nested elements:
 <b><i>This text is bold and italic</b></i>
 In XML, all elements must be properly nested within each other:
 <b><i>This text is bold and italic</i></b> In the example above, "Properly nested" simply means
that since the <i> element is opened inside the <b> element, it must be closed inside the <b>
element.
4. XML Documents Must Have a Root Element
 XML documents must contain one element that is the parent of all other elements. This element is called
the root element.
<root>
  <child>
    <subchild>......</subchild>
  </child>
</root>
5. XML Attribute Values Must be Quoted
 XML elements can have attributes in name/value pairs just like in HTML.
 In XML, the attribute values must always be quoted. TREY
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 XML Syntax Rules
6. Entity References
 Some characters have a special meaning in XML.
 If you place a character like "<" inside an XML element, it will generate an error because the parser interprets it
as the start of a new element.
&lt; <  less than
 This will generate an XML error:
 <message>if salary < 1000 then</message>
&gt; >  greater than
 To avoid this error, replace the "<" character with an entity reference:
 <message>if salary &lt; 1000 then</message>
&amp; & ampersand 
 There are 5 predefined entity references in XML:
Note: Only the characters "<" and "&" are strictly illegal in XML. &apos; ' Apostrophe
The greater than character is legal, but it is a good habit to replace it.
7. Comments in XML &quot; " quotation
 The syntax for writing comments in XML is similar to that of HTML. mark
 <! -- This is a comment -->

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 XML Syntax Rules
HTML: Hello  
8. White-space is preserved in XML     
 HTML truncates multiple white-space characters to one single white-space:     Tov
 With XML, the white-space in a document is not truncated. e

9. XML Stores New Line as LF Output: Hello

 Windows applications store a new line as: carriage return and line feed (CR+LF). Tove
 Unix and Mac OSX use LF.
 Old Mac systems uses CR.

10. Well Formed XML

 XML documents that conform to the syntax rules above are said to be "Well Formed" XML documents.

XML stores a new line as LF

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 XML Declaration or XML Prolog
 This XML declaration indicates that we're using <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
XML version 1.0, and using the UTF-8-character encoding. <document>
<heading> Hello from XML </heading>
This XML declaration, <?xml?>, uses two attributes, version and
<message> This is an XML document!
encoding, to set the version of XML and the character set we're
</message>
using. Next, we create a new XML element named <document>.
</document>
XML tags themselves always start with < and end with >. Then we
store other elements in our <document> element, or text data, as
we wish.

There are many character encodings that an XML processor can support, such as the following:
 US-ASCII— U.S. ASCII  ISO-10646-UCS-4— UCS
 UTF-8— Compressed Unicode  ISO-2022-JP— Japanese
 UTF-16— Compressed UCS  ISO-2022-CN— Chinese
 ISO-10646-UCS-2— Unicode  ISO-8859-5— ASCII and Cyrillic

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 Cascading style sheets (CSS)
There are two kinds of style sheets you can use with XML document:
1. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), which you can also use with HTML documents
2. Extensible Style sheet Language style sheets (XSL), designed to be used only with XML documents.
Example 2: An XML Document Using a Style Sheet (example2.xml)

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="css1.css"?> heading {display: block; font-size: 24pt; color:
<document> #ff0000; text-align: center}
<heading> Hello from XML</heading> message {display: block; font-size: 18pt; color:
<message> This is an XML document!</message> #0000ff; text-align: center}
</document>

A CSS Style Sheet (css1.css)

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ThankYou
Husen Adem
+251925100878
[email protected]
Ambo University

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