Capter Four Drives: Department of Mechanical Engineering

DEBRE-MARKOS UNIVERSITY
College of Technology
Department of mechanical engineering
CAPTER FOUR
DRIVES
1 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021


4.1. Introduction
 Drive is a machine element which used to transfer power or motion from one
place to another place by reducing, increasing or as it is in the source.
 Rotary power is developed by the electric motor, but motors typically operate
at too high a speed or low sped and deliver too low a torque or high torque
respectively, to be appropriate for the final drive application.
 Remember, for a given power transmission, the torque is increased in
proportion to the amount that rotational speed is reduced or reversed.
T=
So, this speed reduction with torque multiplication or speed multiplication with
torque reduction is done by means of drives.

 Torque multiplication(speed reduction):
A smaller drive pulley(gear) is attached to the motor shaft, while a larger
diameter pulley(gear) is attached to a parallel shaft that operates at a
correspondingly lower speed and the revers is true.
 It classified in to two categories;

1) Flexible drive :
 Mechanical Elements used in conveying systems and in the transmission
of power over comparatively long distances.
 used as a replacement for gears, shafts, and other relatively rigid power-
transmission devices.
 reduces machine cost.
why?
 since these elements are elastic and usually quite long, they play an
important part in absorbing shock loads and in damping out and
isolating the effects of vibration. (Long machine life)
 Most flexible elements do not have an infinite life. When they are used.
 so it is important to establish an inspection schedule to guard against
wear, aging, and loss of elasticity.& replaced at the first sign of
deterioration.

1.1 friction drive (Belt drive, rope drive)
 it operates by applying frictional force
 Preferable for long center distance is required
 It can be easily convert the direction of rotation
 slippage occur due to friction, results efficiency is reduced.
 applied where the rotational speeds are relatively high, as on the first stage of
speed reduction from an electric motor or engine.

1.2 chain drive (roller chine)
 Have small slippage relative to fraction drive
 can not easily move in we want direction
 It Provide positive mechanical drive, desirable at the low-speed, high-torque
condition
 The high torque causes high tensile forces to be developed in the chain. The
elements of the chain are typically metal, and they are sized to withstand the
high forces .The link so chains are engaged in toothed wheels called
Sprockets.

2. rigid drive (gear drive)
 Are power-transmission devices.
 They can rotate at high speed and reduced more slippage.
 However, if very large ratios of speed reduction are required in the drive,
gear reducers are desirable because they can typically accomplish large
reductions in a rather small package.
 The out put shaft of the gear-type speed reducer is generally at low
speed and high torque. If both speed and torque are satisfactory for the
application, it could be directly coupled to the driven machine.
 We have discussed earlier that the slipping of a belt or rope is a common
phenomenon, in the transmission of motion or power between two shafts.
 The effect of slipping is to reduce the velocity ratio of the system.
 A gear drive is also provided, when the distance between the driver and the
follower is very small.

 In order to understand how the motion can be transmitted by two toothed
wheels, consider two plain circular wheels A and B mounted on shafts. The
wheels have sufficient rough surfaces and press against each other as shown
in Fig

Advantages and Disadvantages of Gear Drives
 The following are the advantages and disadvantages of the gear drive as
compared to other drives, i.e. belt, rope and chain drives:
Advantages
1. It transmits exact velocity ratio.
2. It may be used to transmit large power.
3. It may be used for small Centre distances of shafts.
4. It has high efficiency.
5. It has reliable service.
6. It has compact layout.
Disadvantages
1. Since the manufacture of gears require special tools and equipment,
therefore they are expensive than other drives.

4.2. Belt drive
 four principal types of belts ( flat, round, v &timing )
 Timing belts require toothed wheels, or sprockets.
In all cases, the pulley axes must be separated by a certain minimum
distance, depending upon the belt type and size, to operate properly.
Other characteristics of belts are:
 They may be used for long center distances.
 Except for timing belts, there is some slip and creep, and so the angular-
velocity ratio between the driving and driven shafts is neither constant
nor exactly equal to the ratio of the pulley diameters.
 In some cases an idler or tension pulley can be used to avoid adjustments
in center distance that are ordinarily necessitated by age or the
installation of new belts.
Table 4–1Characteristics of Some Common Belt Types.
Figures are Cross Sections except for the Timing Belt, which is a Side View;

Geometry of Flat belt drive
A, open
B, Closed

A, open belt
B, Closed belt

as shown in Fig the driving pulley (or driver) “A” and the driven pulley (or
follower) “B”. the driving pulley pulls the belt from one side and delivers it
to the other side. It is thus obvious that the tension on the former side (i.e.
tight side) will be greater than the latter side (i.e. slack side).
 A change in belt tension due to friction forces between the belt and
pulley will cause the belt to elongate or contract and move relative to the
surface of the pulley.
 The angle of contact is made up of the effective arc, through which
power is transmitted, and the idle arc.
 For the driving pulley the belt first contacts the pulley with a tight-side
tension F1 and a velocity V1 , which is the same as the surface velocity
of the pulley.
 The belt then passes through the idle arc with no change in F1 or V1
. Then creep or sliding contact begins, and the belt tension changes in
accordance with the friction forces. At the end of the effective arc the belt
leaves the pulley with a loose-side tension F2 and a reduced speed V2 .
 more power is transmitted by static friction than sliding friction.
 centrifugal tension in the belt

Let
 d S = the differential force is due to centrifugal force,
d N =the normal force between the belt and pulley, and
f d N = the shearing traction due to friction at the point of slip.
(normal to dN)
b = the belt width
t = the thickness of belt
M= The belt mass per unit length
The centrifugal force d S can be expressed as (mass acceleration)
d S = (m r)r= m = m = Fc ………....................(1)
where Fc = hoop tension due to centrifugal force
Summing of forces radially(vertically) gives
= -( F + d F ) - F+ d N + d S = 0
dN = - ds................................................................................(2

 Summing of forces tangentially gives
= -( F + dF ) + fd N+ F = 0
dF = fdN.........................................................................(3)
Substituting equn. 2 in to equn. 3
dF = f d N
dF= f F dθ − f dS = f F dθ - fm …….Dived both sides by
- f F = - fm.................................................................(4)
the solution of this differential non homogeneous first order liner
differential equation is,
F = A exp( f θ) + m …………………………………………..……..(5)
where A is an arbitrary constant. Assuming θ starts at the loose side,
the boundary condition that ; F at θ = 0 equals
= A exp( f 0) + m =A = - m


The solution is gives,
F = - mexp( f θ) + m…………………………..(6)
At the end of the angle of wrap , the tight side,
F at θ = equals
F = - mexp( f ) + m
Now we can write
= = exp( f ) …………….(7)
since , Fc = m
It is also Eq. (8) can be written as
………………………….(8)
The tight side tension F1 and the loose side tension F2 have the
following additive components:

= Fi + Fc + F′= Fi + Fc + T / D……………………(a)
F1
F2 = Fi + Fc − F′= Fi + Fc − T / D……………………(b)
Fi = initial tension.
Fc = hoop tension due to centrifugal force.
F′= tension due to the transmitted torque T(friction)
V is the belt speed. V = πDN
N= rotational speed, in rev/min,
D = diameter of the pulley

 weight w of a foot of belt is given in terms of the weight density γ in kg/ as
The
w = 12γ bt N/m where b and t are in meters.
Fc = WV2/g
The difference between F1and F2 is related to the pulley torque. Subtracting Eq.
(b)from Eq. ( a) gives
= ……………………………(c)
Adding Eq. ( a) and (b) gives
=
………………………….(d)
Dividing Eq. (d) by Eq. (c) & manipulating, by using Eq. 8 = = exp( f ) gives
from which, …………….…………………..……..(9)

 This indicates that, If Fi equals zero, then T equals zero: no initial
tension, no torque transmitted. The torque is in proportion to the initial
tension. This means that if there is to be a satisfactory flat-belt drive, the
initial tension must be;
(1) provided,
(2) sustained,
(3) in the proper amount, and
(4) maintained by routine inspection.

From Eq. ( a & b), incorporating Eq. (9) gives
…………………………………………..(10)
………………………(11)
 The initial tension needs to be sufficient so that the difference between
the F1and F2 curve is 2T / D. With no torque transmitted, the least
possible belt tension is F1 = F2 = Fc .
The transmitted horsepower is given by
H = )V……………………………………...(13)
Let Fa = allowable tension (or stress σall), of belt, It expressed in units of
force per unit width.
b = belt width,
nd =design factor for exigencies.
Cp = pulley correction factor, The severity of flexing at the pulley
Cv = velocity correction factor on life .
For polyamide and urethane belts use Cv = 1. For leather belts see Fig. 17–9.
Ks = A service factor is used for excursions of load from nominal,
applied to the nominal power as H= HnomKsnd,
)V= Hnom Ks .nd = π dn = HnomKsnd
Since= & V = π dn = T = HnomKsnd/(2n)…………….….(14)
 These effects are incorporated as follows:
(F1)a = bFaCpCv …………………………………………..(14)
( F1)a = allowable largest tension, F1
The steps in analyzing a flat-belt drive can include
1) Find exp( f φ) from belt-drive geometry and friction
2) From belt geometry and speed find Fc
3) From T = HnomKsnd/(2n) find necessary torque
4) From torque T find the necessary ( F1)a − F2 = 2T/D
5) Find F2 from ( F1)a − [( F1)a − F2]
6) From Eq. (d) find the necessary initial tension Fi
7) Check the friction development, f′< f . Use Eq. (8) solved for f′:
8) Find the factor of safety from nfs = H/(HnomKs)

EXAMPLE-1 A polyamide A-3 flat belt 150mm wide is used to transmit 11kw
under light shock conditions where Ks = 1.25, and a factor of safety equal to or
greater than 1.1 is appropriate. The pulley rotational axes are parallel and in the
horizontal plane. The shafts are 2.4m apart. The 150mm driving pulley rotates at
1750 rev/min in such a way that the loose side is on top. The driven pulley is
450mm in diameter. See Fig.The factor of safety is for unquantifiable exigencies.
(a) Estimate the centrifugal tension Fc and the torque T.
(b) Estimate the allowable F1 , F2 , Fi and allowable power Ha .
26 . (c) Estimate the factor of safety. Is it satisfactory? 05/21/2021
 Given data
Belt width, b = 150mm
Service factor, ks = 1.25
Speed, N = 1750 rev/min
Center distance, C =2.4m =2400mm
driving pulley diameter, d= 150mm
drive pulley diameter, D= 450mm
Limited(nominal) horse power, Hnom = 11 KW
factor of safety equal to or greater than, nd = 1.1
Material type with specification , polyamide A-3 so depending on this by using table
17.2 shigleys
Coefficient of friction(f= 0.8), specific weight( 11.4kn/m3), allowable tension

per unit width(Fa= 18000N/m), thickens(t= 3.3mm)
From table 17.4 pulley correction factor Cp =0.7
27
Cv =By1 mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021
 solution
step1 = =3.0165rad
exp( f ) =11.17
Step 2 V = π dn = π(0.15m)1750/60 =13.7m/s
w = γ bt = (11400)0.15(0.0033)=5.4N/m3
Fc = WV2/g =103N
Step 3 T = HnomKsnd/(2n) =82 N.m

Step 4 = = 1093N
Step 5 (F1)a = bFaCpCv =1890N

(F1)a - =1890 -1093 =797N

Step 6 1240N
Step 7 0.314
Since f′< f , that is, 0.314 < 0.80, there is no danger of slipping
Step 8
The combination ( F1)a , F2, and Fi will transmit the design power
Transmit power Hd = Hnom Ks nd = 11(1.25)(1.1) = 15.125KW and
protect the belt.
So 1.1 ( as expected)
The belt is satisfactory and the maximum allowable belt tension exists. If the
initial
tension is maintained, the capacity is the design power of 15.125KW
.
V - belt

V Belts
 Always the arrangement is open not closed.
 Mostly the rotary speed is between 5 – 25 m/s ,20m/s is best.
Have five sections, A,B,C,D and E (standard circumferences)
 Internal circumference of section A-650-3200mm
 Internal circumference of section B- 875 – 7500mm
 Internal circumference of section C- 1275 – 10500mm
 Internal circumference of section D- 3000 – 105000mm
 Internal circumference of section E- 45000 – 16500mm
 Length Conversion Dimensions (Add the Listed Quantity to the Inside
Circumference to Obtain the Pitch Length in millimeter)
A = 32, B = 45, C = 72, D = 82, E =112
E.g. B1000
Internal circumference = 1000mm
Pitch length = 1000 +45 =1045mm
The groove angle of a sheave is made some what smaller than the
belt-section angle. This causes the belt to wedge itself into the groove,
thus increasing friction.
The exact value of this angle depends on the belt section, the sheave
diameter, and the angle of contact.
If it is made too much smaller than the belt, the force required to pull the
belt out of the groove as the belt leaves the pulley will be excessive.
Optimum values are given in the commercial literature.

pitch length Lp and the center-to-center distance C are
The

where D = pitch diameter of the large sheave

d = pitch diameter of the small sheave.
 In the case of flat belts, there is virtually no limit to the center-to-center
distance.
 Long center-to-center distances are not recommended for V belts
because the excessive vibration of the slack side will shorten the belt
life materially.
 In general, the center to-center distance should be no greater than 3
times the sum of the sheave diameters and no less than the diameter of
the larger sheave.
D3(D+d)
 Nb = the number of belt needed
Let
Htab =the given hors power for each belt Table 17-12.
Ha =allowable hors power , per belt
K1 = angle-of-wrap correction factor, Table 17–13
K2 = belt length correction factor, Table 17–14
Ha = K1 K2 Htab
The design power is given by
Hd = Hnom Ks nd
where Hnom is the nominal power
Ks is the service factor given in Table 17–15, and
Nd is the design factor. The number of belts,
Nb = and Nb
Nb, is usually integer
The Gates Rubber Company declares its effective coefficient of friction to
be 0.5123 for grooves.
 their for = exp( 0.5123)
The centrifugal tension Fc is given by
Fc = Kc (V/2.4)2
kc = constant depend on material type (table 17.16)
V = πdn
The power that is transmitted per belt is based on F = F1 − F2, where

F = the largest tension F1is given by

 From the definition of F , the least tension F2 is
F2 = F1 - F
The factor of safety is
Maximum tension is at B and F
F36 By mamaru w.& seyfu T.

b1 and Fb2 bending tension on the V belt 05/21/2021
 Durability (life) correlations are complicated by the fact that the bending
induces flexural stresses in the belt; the corresponding belt tension that
induces the same maximum tensile stress is Fb1 at the driving sheave and
Fb2 at the driven pulley. These equivalent tensions are added to F1 as

lifetime( expected life) t in hours is given by
The

t=
The constants K and b have their ranges of validity. If NP > 109, report
that N P = 109and t > N P Lp /(3600V ) without placing confidence in
numerical values beyond the validity interval.
The analysis of a V-belt drive can consist of the following steps:
 step 1 Find V, Lp , C, φ, and exp(0.5123φ)
 Step 2 Find Hd , Ha , and Nb from Hd/ Ha and round up
 Step 3 Find Fc , F, F1 , F2 , and Fi, and nfs
 Step 4 Find belt life in number of passes, or hours, if possible

Example A7.46-kw split-phase motor running at 1750 rev/min is
used to drive a rotary pump, which operates 24 hours per day. An engineer
has specified a 188-mm small sheave, an 280-mm large sheave, and three
B2800 belts. The service factor of 1.2 was augmented by 0.1 because of the
continuous-duty requirement. Analyze the drive and estimate the belt life
in passes and hours.

Solution
step1
V = πdn = 17m/s
Lp = L + Lc =2800 +45 =2845mm
=1054mm
φ = 3.054rad
step2
Interpolating in Table 17–12 for V = 17m/s gives Htab = 3.5kw. The
wrap angle in degrees is 3.057(180)/π = 175◦.
From Table 17–13, K1 = 0.99. From Table 17–14, K2 = 1.05.
Ha = K1 K2 Htab = 3.64kw
Hd = Hnom Ks nd = 9.7kw
Nb ≥ Hd/ Ha = 9.7/3.64= 2.67 → 3

Step3

Fc = Kc (V/2.4)2 = 48.4N (wear From Table 17–16, Kc = 0.965.)
F = =188N
=286N
F2 = F1 - F = 98N
= 143N
= 1.13
Step 4
Life: From Table 17–16, Kb = 65
346N and 632N
=232N 518N
From Table 17–17, K = 5309 and b = 10.926
=11(109) passes
 Since N P is out of the validity range life is reported as greater
than(109) passes. Then
t =46500h

Gear drives

 Power transmission is the movement of energy from its place of generation
to a location where it is applied to performing useful work.

 A gear is a component within a transmission device that transmits rotational
force to another gear or device.
TYPES OF GEARS
1) Super gear
2) Helical gear
3) Rack and pinion
4) Bevel gear
5) Worm gear

1. SPUR GEAR
 Teeth is parallel to axis of rotation
 Transmit power from one shaft to another
parallel shaft.
External and Internal spur Gear
05/21/2021 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 45

2. Helical Gear
1) The teeth on helical gears are cut at an angle to the face of the gear
2) This gradual engagement makes helical gears operate much more

smoothly and quietly than spur gears.
3) Used to transmit motion between parallel or non parallel shaft.

3. Rack and pinion
 Rack and pinion gears are used to
convert rotation (From the pinion)

into linear motion (of the rack).
 A perfect example of this is the
steering system on many cars.
05/21/2021 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 47

4. Bevel gears
 Bevel gears are useful when the direction of a shaft's rotation needs to be
changed
 They are usually mounted on shafts that are 90 degrees apart, but can be
designed to work at other angles as well

 The teeth on bevel gears can be straight or spiral.
 locomotives, marine applications, automobiles, printing presses, cooling
towers, power plants, steel plants, railway track inspection machines, etc.

Straight and Spiral Bevel Gears

5.WORM GEAR
 Worm gears are used when large gear reductions are needed. It is common
for worm gears to have reductions of 20:1, and even up to 300:1 or greater
 Many worm gears have an interesting property that no other gear set has:
the worm can easily turn the gear, but the gear cannot turn the worm.
 Worm gears are used widely in material handling and transportation
machinery, machine tools, automobiles etc.

NOMENCLATURE OF SPUR GEARS
a

 The module m is the ratio of the pitch diameter to the number of teeth. The
customary unit of length used is the millimeter. The module is the index of
tooth size in SI.
 The diametral pitch Pd is the ratio of the number of teeth on the gear to
the pitch diameter. Thus, it is the reciprocal of the module. Since diametral
pitch is used only with U.S. units, it is expressed as teeth per inch.
 The addendum, a is the radial distance between the top land and the pitch
circle. The dedendum,b is the radial distance from the bottom land to the
pitch circle. The whole depth h is the sum of the addendum and the
dedendum.
 The clearance circle is a circle that is tangent to the addendum circle of
the mating gear. The clearance c is the amount by which the dedendum in
a given gear exceeds the addendum of its mating gear.
 The backlash is the amount by which the width of a tooth space exceeds
the thickness of the engaging tooth measured on the pitch circles.

 Diametral pitch (Pd): The diametral pitch is, by definition, the number of
teeth divided by the pitch diameter. That is,

N
Pd  Where Pd = diametral pitch
D
N = number of teeth
D = pitch diameter
 Module (m): Pitch diameter divided by number of teeth. The pitch
diameter is usually specified in millimeters; in the former case the

module is the inverse of diametral pitch. m = D/N
 Circular pitch (Pc) : The width of a tooth and a space, measured on the
pitch circle.(equal to the sum of the tooth thickness and the width of
space.) D
= m and also Pd Pc =
Pc
53 By mamaru w.& seyfuN
T. 05/21/2021
VELOCITY RATIO OF GEAR DRIVE
When
 two gears are in mesh, their pitch circles roll on one another without
slipping. Designate the pitch radii as r1 and r2 and the angular velocities as
ω1 and ω2 ,respectively.
Then the pitch-line velocity is
V = |r1ω1| = |r2ω2|
Thus the relation between the radii on the angular velocities is
d = Diameter of the pitch circle
N =Speed of the gear
ω = Angular speed
G = teeth of gear
velocity ratio (n) = = =

 pressure angle(φ) it usually has values of 20 or 25◦
 First determine pitch
diameter from Pd , N
 And specify the center
(locate)
 Then construct r and R
 Draw line ab tangent to
pitch point
 draw line cd through point
p by forming φ from ab.
 Line cd is called pressure
line,
generating line, and the line of
action.
 It represents the direction in
which the resultant force
acts between
 Next, on eachthe gears.
gear draw a circle tangent to the pressure line. These circles
are the base circles. Since they are tangent to the pressure line, the pressure
angle determines their size.
rb = rcos φ
where r is the pitch radius
 The addendum and dedendum distances for standard interchangeable teeth
are, as we shall learn later, 1/ Pd and 1.25/ Pd , respectively. Therefore, for
the pair of gears we
are constructing,
a = 1/ Pd
b = 1.25/ Pd
Using these distances, draw the addendum and dedendum circles on the pinion
and on the gear as shown in Fig.
To draw a tooth, we must know the tooth thickness. the circular pitch is

 D =
Pc
N
Therefore, the tooth thickness is
Since tooth thickness is equal to tooth space.
 The portion of the tooth between the clearance circle and the
dedendum circle includes the fillet. In this instance the clearance is
c=b−a
 The base pitch is related to the circular
pitch by the equation

Force Analysis of Spur Gear
Let the numeral 1 for the frame of the machine, we shall designate the input
gear as gear 2, and then number the gear successively 3, 4, etc., until we
arrive at the last gear in the train.
F23 = the force exerted by gear 2
against gear 3
F2a = The force of gear 2 against
a shaft a
Fa2 = the force of a shaft a against
gear 2
Fr = radial directions
Ft = tangential directions
N2 = rotation of pinion on shaft a
in rev/min
N3 = rotation of gear on shaft b in
rev/min
Ta2 due to Fa2
58 05/21/2021 By mamaru w.& seyfu T.

. the
free-body diagram of the pinion has
been redrawn and the forces
have been resolved into tangential and
radial components.
as the transmitted load. This tangential

load is really the useful component,
because the radial component
serves no useful purpose. It does not
transmit power.
The power H transmitted through a

rotating gear can be obtained from the
standard relationship of the product of
torque T and angular velocity .

the velocity is
V = πdN
where V = pitch-line velocity, mm/s
d = gear diameter, mm
N = gear speed, rev/s
Their for the transmitted load is
where Wt = transmitted load, kN

H = power, kW
d = gear diameter, mm
n = speed, rev/min

Force Analysis of helical Gears
The point of application of the forces
is in the pitch plane and in the center of the gear face. From
the geometry of the figure, the three components of the total
(normal) tooth force W are
Usually Wt is given and the other forces are desired.

In this case, it is not difficult to discover that

Example 1:- Pinion 2 in Fig. runs at 1750 rev/min and transmits 2.5 kW to
idler gear 3. The teeth are cut on the 20◦full-depth system. and a gear set
consists of a 16-tooth pinion driving a 40-tooth gear. The diametral pitch is 2,
and the addendum and dedendum are 1/ Pd and 1.25/ Pd , respectively.
a. Compute the circular pitch, the center distance, and the radii of the base
circles.
b. In mounting these gears, the center distance was incorrectly made 6
mm larger. Compute the new values of the pressure angle and the pitch-
circle diameters if the base circles are similar with the previous.
c. Draw a free-body diagram of gear 3 and show all the forces that act upon it

 Given data
Gp =16
Gg =40
Pd = 2
Addendum, a= 1/Pd , Didundum, b =1.25/Pd
Pressure angle, n = 20
Speed, n = 1750 rev/min
Transmitted power, H = 2.5 kW
Solution
= 39mm N
Pd 
D
The pitch diameters of the pinion and gear are, respectively,
dp =16/2 =8in =196mm and = 40/2 =20in= 490mm
Therefor the center distance is = =343mm
Since the teeth were cut on the 20◦ pressure angle, the base-circle radii are
found to be, using rb = r cos φ ,
rb (pinion) =196/2cos 20◦ = 92mm
rb (gear) =490/2cos 20◦ = 230mm
Designating d′Pand d′Gas the new pitch-circle diameters, the 6 mm increase in
the center distance requires that
= 343 + 6 = 349mm
= 698 ………………… = 698 - …………. Eq

(1)
= 0.4 …………………. Eq (2)
By using eq 1 and 2 = 499mm and =199.6mm

Since rb = r cos φ , the new pressure angle is

=2
we find the transmitted load to be
= =0.14kN
Thus, the tangential force of gear 2 on gear 3

is Ft23= 0.14, as shown in Fig. Therefore
= 0.14= 0.051kN
= 0.14/ =0.15kN
Since gear 3 is an idler, it transmits no power (torque) to its shaft, and

so the tangential reaction of gear 4 on gear 3 is also equal to Wt.
Therefore Ft43 = 0.14, Fr43 = 0.015kN F43 = 0.15KN
and the directions are shown in Fig The shaft reactions in the x and y directions

are
= - (-0.14 +0.051)= 0.089kN

= -(0.051 + 0.14) =-0.089kN
The resultant shaft reaction is
= 0.13kN

Stress and strength analysis of super and helical gear
Gear is fail either bending or wear.
 Failure by bending will occur when the significant tooth stress equals or
exceeds either the yield strength or the bending endurance strength.
 A surface failure (wear) occurs when the significant contact stress equals or
exceeds the surface endurance strength.
Wear analysis in super and helical gear
pitting resistance (contact stress) is given as:
allowable contact stress(contact endurance strength) σcall is

bending analysis in super and helical gear

Wear factor of safety is given as
where
dw1(dp)= the pitch diameter of the pinion, (mm)
Cp(ZE) = Elastic Coefficient Values of Cp Table 14–8.

Ko = Overload Factor: allowance for all externally applied loads in excess of
the nominal tangential load Wt (see Figs. 14–17 and14–18).
For bending and wear
Kv = Dynamic Factor: factors that occur inaccuracies in the manufacture

and meshing of gear teeth in action.
Qv = quality factor, the tolerance for gears
of various size manufactured to a
specified accuracy.
Qv =3 to 7 most commercial quality gear
Qv = 8-12 for precision quality

70 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. So select the standard. 05/21/2021
Ks = Size Factor: it reflects non uniformity of material properties due to
size e.g. Tooth size, Face width.
Kb = rim thickness factor, F = face width & P = diametral pitch

Y = poison factor (liews form factor) depend on number of tooth
Km (KH) = Load-Distribution Factor:

It 71modified the stress equations to reflect non uniform distribution of05/21/2021
By mamaru w.& seyfu T.
load across
the line of contact.
.

Cf(ZR) = Surface Condition Factor: always one (1)
J (YJ) = Bending-Strength Geometry Factor: depend on number of tooth
Figure 14-6

.
where rP and rG are the pitch radii and rbP and rbG the base-
circle radii of the pinion and gear, respectively

Sc = is the allowable contact stress, lbf/in2 (N/mm2)

St = is the allowable bending stress(bending stress), lbf/in2(N/mm2

YN and (ZN) = Stress Cycle Factors

KR(YZ)= Reliability Factor
It is the effect of the statistical distributions of material fatigue failures.it depend on
reliability
KT( Yθ) = temperatures factor

temperatures up to 250°F (120°C), use 1
CH = Hardness-Ratio Factor
HB P and HBG are the Brinell hardness of the pinion and gear, respectively .
mG is the speed ratio
EXAMPLE 2:- a17-tooth 20° pressure angle spur pinion rotates at1800
rev/min and transmits 4 hp to a 52-tooth disk gear. The diametral pitch is 10
teeth/in, the face width 1.5 in, and the quality standard is No. 6. The gears are
straddle-mounted with bearings immediately adjacent. The pinion is a grade 1
steel with a hardness of 240 Brinell tooth surface and through-hardened core.
The gear is steel, through-hardened also, grade 1 material, with a Brinell
hardness of 200, tooth surface and core. Poisson’s ratio is 0.30, JP = 0.30, JG
= 0.40, and Young’s modulus is 30 (106 )psi. The loading is smooth
because of motor and load. Assume a pinion life of 108cycles and a reliability
of 0.90, and useYN = 1.3558 N-0.0178, ZN = 1.4488 N8-0.023. The tooth profile is
uncrowned. This is a commercial enclosed gear unit.
(a) Find the factor of safety of the gears in bending.
(b) Find the factor of safety of the gears in wear.
(c) By examining the factors of safety, identify the threat to each gear and to
the mesh.

 Given data
Number of teeth in pinion, =17
Number of teeth in gear, =52
Dimetral pitch , = 10 teeth/in
Speed of the pinion, =1800rev/min
Transmitted power, H = 4hp,
quality number, Qv = 6
Face width, F =1.5in
reliability of 0.9
Brinell hardness fore pinion and gear = 240 & 200 respectively
YN = 1.3558 N-0.0178,
ZN = 1.4488 N8-0.023
Jp = 0.30,
JG = 0.40
Young’s modulus is 30 (106 )
 Solution
N
convention P = pinion and G= gear Pd  D
Their for pitch diameter = D =
= = 17/10 = 1.7in and = 52/10 = 5.2in
V = πdN/12 =
Overload factor, Ko Since the loading is uniform Ko= 1

Dynamic factor, Kv = wear
Then
Size Factor, Ks =
by using table 14-2 Lewis form factor for pinion and gear are Yp =0.303 and
YG=0.412 respectively face width, F=1.5
Load distribution factor
their for Uncrowned tooth profile Cmc = 1
Since face width is 1.5 inch b/n 1&17

Cpf = 1.5/[10(1.7)] − 0.0375 + 0.0125(1.5) = 0.0695
Bearings immediately adjacent, Cpm = 1

or
Commercial enclosed gear units (Fig. 14–11): Cma = 0.15
Ce = 1

Reliability Factor, KR From Table 14.10, with a reliability of 0.9, KR = 0.85.
temperature factors, KT = 1 and surface condition factors C f = 1.
Surface-Strength Geometry Factor,
I (ZI) =
mN = load sharing ratio =1 for spur gears,
Elastic Coefficient, Cp

Next, we need the terms for the gear endurance strength equations. From Table
14–2, and table 14-5 for grade 1 steel with HB P = 240 and HBG = 200,
 endurance strength For bending
 endurance strength For wear
 then
For the hardness ratio factor CH , the hardness ratio is HBP/ HBG = 240/200 =
1.2.Then,

(a) Pinion tooth bending. Substituting the appropriate terms for the
pinion gives
Substituting the appropriate terms for the pinion
Gear tooth bending. Substituting the appropriate terms for the gear into gives
Substituting the appropriate terms for the gear gives

(b) Pinion tooth wear. Substituting the appropriate terms for the pinion gives
Substituting the appropriate terms for the pinion into gives
Gear tooth wear. The only term that changes for the gear is Ks. Thus,
Substituting the appropriate terms for the gear into with CH = 1.005 gives
(c) For the pinion, we compare (SF)P with (SH)2p , or 5.73 with (1.69)2 = 2.86,
so the threat in the pinion is from wear. For the gear, we compare (SF)G with
(S88H)2G , By
ormamaru
6.96with (1.52)
w.& seyfu T. 2 = 2.31, so the threat in the gear is also from wear.
05/21/2021
Short Quetions
 What is power transmission?
 Why gear drives are called positively driven?
 What is backlash in gears?
 What are the types of gears available?
 What is gear train? Why gear trains are used?
 Why intermediate gear in simple gear train is called
idler?
 What is the advantage of using helical gear over spur
gear?
 List out the applications of gears
 Define the term ‘module’ in gear tooth

Essay type questions
 With sketch explain various types of gears
 With neat sketch explain the nomenclature of spur
gear
 Write the applications, advantages and
disadvantages of gear drives

Force Analysis of Bevel Gear
 In determining shaft and bearing loads for bevel-gear applications, the
usual practice is to use the tangential or transmitted load that would
occur if all the forces were concentrated at the midpoint of the
tooth.
 While the actual resultant occurs somewhere between the midpoint
and the large end of the tooth, there is only a small error in making this
assumption. For the transmitted load, this gives
Where T is the torque and rav is the pitch radius at the midpoint of the
tooth for the gear under consideration.
The forces acting at the center of the tooth are shown in Fig. The
resultant force W has three components: a tangential force Wt, a radial
force Wr, and an axial force Wa. From the trigonometry of the ﬁgure,
Wr = Wt tan φ cos γ
Wa = Wt tan φ sin γ

 The
 three forces Wt, Wr, and Wa are at right angles to each other
and can be used to determine the bearing loads by using the methods
of statics.
 Example :- The bevel pinion in Fig rotates at 600 rev/min in the

direction shown and transmits 5 hp to the gear. The mounting
distances, the location of all bearings, and the average pitch radii of
the pinion and gear are shown in the ﬁgure. For simplicity, the teeth
have been replaced by pitch cones. Bearings A and C should take the
thrust loads. Find the bearing forces on the gear shaft if the pressure
angle is 20.

.

W=
 take the sum of moments about bearing D,
the position vector from D to G and from D to C given as

then
The analysis for the pinion shaft is quite similar.

Force Analysis—Worm Gearing
If friction is neglected, then the only force exerted by the gear will be the force
W, shown in Fig. having the three orthogonal components Wx, Wy, and Wz.

 the subscripts W and G to indicate forces acting against the worm and gear,
respectively.
 Since the gear axis is parallel to the x direction and the worm axis is parallel
to the z direction and that we are employing a right-handed coordinate
system.
Wy =radial force for both the worm and the gear.
Wx =tangential force on the worm and axial force on the gear
Wz =axial force on worm and tangential force on the gear

 In spur-gear the motion of one tooth relative to the mating tooth is primarily
a rolling motion; in fact, when contact occurs at the pitch point, the motion is
pure rolling.
 In contrast, the relative motion between worm and worm-gear teeth is pure
sliding, and so we must expect that friction plays an important role in the
performance of worm gearing.
 the force W acting normal to the worm-tooth profile produces a frictional
force Wf = f W , having a component f W cos λ in the negative x direction

and another component f W sin λ in the positive z direction.
Their for

by rearranging we can get the flowing equations,

Chapter five bearing
 A little consideration will show that due to the relative motion between the
contact surfaces, a certain amount of power is wasted in over coming
frictional resistance and if the rubbing surfaces are in direct contact, there
will be rapid wear.
 A bearing is a machine element which used to support another moving
machine element.
 It permits a relative motion between the contact surfaces of the
members, while carrying the load.
Classification of Bearings
Though the bearings may be classified in many ways, yet the following are
important from the subject point of view:

1. Depending upon the direction of load to be supported
(a) Radial bearings:- the load acts perpendicular to the direction of motion of
the moving element
(b) thrust bearings:- the load acts along the axis of rotation.

2.Depending upon the nature of contact
A. Rolling contact bearings:- the steel balls or rollers, are interposed
between the moving and fixed elements. The balls offer rolling friction at
two points for each ball or roller.
In rolling contact bearings, the contact between the bearing surfaces is
rolling instead of sliding as in sliding contact bearings.

Advantages
 Low starting and running friction except at very high speeds.
 Accuracy of shaft alignment.
 Low cost of maintenance, as no lubrication is required while in service.
 Small overall dimensions.
 Reliability of service.
 Easy to mount and erect.
Disadvantages
 More noisy at very high speeds.
 Low resistance to shock loading.
 More initial cost.
 Design of bearing housing complicated.

A. .
B. Sliding contact bearings:- the sliding takes place along the

surfaces of contact between the moving element and the fixed
element. also known as plain bearings.

Conclusion
1. sliding bearing starts from rest with practically metal-to-metal contact and
has a high coefficient of friction. It is an outstanding advantage of a rolling
contact bearing over a sliding bearing that it has a low starting friction. Due
to this low friction offered by rolling contact bearings, these are called
antifriction bearings.
2. Bearings are manufactured to take pure radial loads, pure thrust loads, or a
combination of the two kinds of loads.
3. The nomenclature of all bearing is illustrated in Fig, which also have four
essential parts. These are the outer ring, the inner ring, the balls or rolling
elements, and the separator . In low-priced bearings, the separator is
sometimes omitted, but it has the important function of separating the
elements so that rubbing contact will not occur.

.

Chapter six lubrication
 When ever relative movement takes place between two surfaces in
contact, there will be resistance to movement, wear, and heating of
machine parts. This resistance is called the frictional force, or simply
friction. Where this situation will be exists, it is often desirable to
reduce, control, or modify the problem.
 The main objective of lubrication is to reduce friction, wear, and
heating of machine parts that move relative to each other.

 it is any substance (solid, fluid) that, when inserted between the
moving surfaces, accomplishes these purposes. Or it is the
intermediate material between two parts with relative motion for the
purpose of reducing friction, wear between them.
 Proper lubrication with timely addition/replacement of lubricant

plays a vital role in maintaining machine accuracy and increasing its
working life.
 Gear teeth mate with each other by a combination of rolling and
sliding. Pistons slide within their cylinders. All these applications
require lubrication to reduce friction, wear, and heating.
In many cases inserting a small quantity of oil or grease in the
component on initial assembly; this is almost never replaced or refilled.
If the service life is long and continuous, Then it becomes necessary to
choose the lubricant with care and often to use a replenishment system.

Other important lubricant properties are the following
Anti-wear and EP (extreme pressure) properties
Oxidation resistance
Ant-corrosion properties
Anti-foaming property; and
Demulsibility (ability to separate from water)
Classification of lubricants
i. Lubricating oils
In addition to preventing of or minimizing wear, lubricating oils
perform the following duties:
Cooling by reducing friction and removing excess heat generated
Protection by inhibiting corrosive processes caused by air and water
Cleaning by flushing dirt particles away from lubricated surfaces

ii. Greases
Grease may be defined as solid to semi-fluid lubricant consisting of a
dispersion of a thickening agent in a lubricating fluid. The consistency
of grease depends on the percentage of thickener in the grease.
Depending on the degree of consistency, greases are classified as:
 Semi-fluid
 Soft
 Stiff
In selecting grease for use, considerations must be given to conditions
and nature of use. The first thing to be decided is the consistency range.
Next comes the operating temperature. Use of greases is limited to
very low speeds up to 2 m/s.
They find good use where sealing against dirt is sought or for
intermittent low speed motions.

iii. Solid lubricants:
A solid lubricant is defined as any solid used as powder or a thin film

on a surface to provide protection from damage during relative motion
so as to reduce friction and wear. Solid lubricants are used when fluid
lubricants. i.e. oils and greases, are undesirable or ineffective.
 Fluid lubricants are undesirable if they are liable to contaminate
product as in food machinery, electrical contacts, etc. fluid lubricants
are ineffective in hostile environments, high temperatures, extreme
pressures and fretting conditions. A common type of solid lubricant is
graphite.

 The following are some properties of solid lubricants.
 Solid lubricants are incapable of carrying away heat.
 Solid lubricants are immobile and they must some how be bonded
to the surface.
 Solid lubricants are capable of retaining their lubricating
effectiveness at high temperatures.

This is all about Machine Element Two
Thank You all !!!
Motivation and Goal Setting: Paving your way to

success!!!

Capter Four Drives: Department of Mechanical Engineering

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Capter Four Drives: Department of Mechanical Engineering

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Capter Four Drives: Department of Mechanical Engineering

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DEBRE-MARKOS UNIVERSITY

1 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

2 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

 It classified in to two categories;

3 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

4 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

 Preferable for long center distance is required

 It can be easily convert the direction of rotation

 slippage occur due to friction, results efficiency is reduced.

speed reduction from an electric motor or engine.

5 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

6 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

7 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

8 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

9 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

11 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

12 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

13 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

15 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

16 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

17 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

18 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

19 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

from which, …………….…………………..……..(9)

20 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

21 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

8) Find the factor of safety from nfs = H/(HnomKs)

24 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

Coefficient of friction(f= 0.8), specific weight( 11.4kn/m3), allowable tension

Step 3 T = HnomKsnd/(2n) =82 N.m

Step 5 (F1)a = bFaCpCv =1890N

28 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

30 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

32 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

where D = pitch diameter of the large sheave

The power that is transmitted per belt is based on F = F1 − F2, where

35 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

The factor of safety is

Maximum tension is at B and F

F36 By mamaru w.& seyfu T.

37 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

38 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

39 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

42 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

43 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

to a location where it is applied to performing useful work.

force to another gear or device.

44 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

 Transmit power from one shaft to another

External and Internal spur Gear

05/21/2021 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 45

2) This gradual engagement makes helical gears operate much more

3) Used to transmit motion between parallel or non parallel shaft.

46 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 05/21/2021

 Rack and pinion gears are used to

convert rotation (From the pinion)

steering system on many cars.

05/21/2021 By mamaru w.& seyfu T. 47

designed to work at other angles as well