CHAPTER 2

EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY

01 Various elements that may be exposed to hazards:

Environmental, Social, and Economic

02
Vulnerability of each exposed element
 Exposure and vulnerability are part
and parcel of the disaster equation

 It must be considered that people are not the

only ones who can be affected by hazards

For example, the overheating

of electric fans left unattended
can cause fire that may result in
loss of lives and valuable
belongings
ELEMENTS AT RISK AND EXPO
SURE
 Elements at risk are the people, properties, economic
activities, and private and public services potentially
threatened by a harmful event

 Risk assessment involves identification and mapping of the

elements at risk and the assessment of vulnerability

 Understanding the elements at risk exposed to each type of hazard

is the first step in reducing vulnerability
ELEMENTS AT RISK AND EXPO
SURE
Hazard refers to the probability of occurrence
at a given magnitude.
Exposed element refers to the number of people or
structures within the exposed area

REMEMBER?
At the risk model:
(Risk= Hazard x Exposure x Vulnerability)
 ELEMENTS AT RISK AND
EXPOSURE
The combination of both hazard and exposed
population provides the physical exposure:
PhExp= Hazard x Exposure
Where:
PhExp = physical exposure for the affected
area
Hazard= probability of occurrence of an event
at a given magnitude
Exposure= total population living in the
affected area for each event
Social, Environmental, and Economic Dimensions
Of Exposure and Vulnerability

When a disaster strikes, casualties (deaths, missing

persons, and injured people) and property losses and
damages are the first to be reported in tri-media

Long after a disaster, the effects to the other elements

assume greater attention
 Social, Environmental, and Economic Dimensions
Of Exposure and Vulnerability
 Social.
Covers a wide range of
concerns (migration,
economic
health, social groups, etc)
dimensions
 Environmental.
Refer to location and environmental social
built structures
! The hazard events, which destroyed a wide range
of structures, showed how vulnerable a city’s
exposed elements can be to hazards.

! Before and After Typhoon Yolanda Satellite

Images of Tacloban
exposed to hazards
Physical elements 01 ESSENTIAL
FACILITIES
Educational facilities
Medical and healthcare facilities
Emergency response facilities
Government offices
Recreational or tourist facilities
Places of worship
Banks and financial centers
Markets and shopping enters
cemeteries
exposed to hazards
Physical elements Industrial and High Potential Loss
02 Facilities and Facilities Containing
Hazardous Materials
 Dams and ponds
 Fuel reservoirs, pipelines, and pumps
 power (electric) generating plants and
lines
 Multi-purpose hydropower plants,
water tanks, and lines
 Food processing facilities
 03 Transportation Lifelines

 Highways, bridges, railway

tracks, and tunnels
 Bus facilities
 Port and harbour facilities
 Airport facilities and runways
 04 Utility
Lifelines
 Potable water facilities, waste water
facilities, pipelines, and distribution lines
 Oil and natural gas systems facilities,
pipelines, and distribution lines
 Electric power facilities and distribution
lines
 Communication facilities (stations) and
distribution lines (cables and networks)
Includes business interruptions due to accessibility
problems, loss of jobs, and loss of government
income due to inability of businesses and people to pay
taxes at a time. Your Picture Here

economic
Economic
dimensions

environmental social
Section 2.2 Vulnerability of Each Exposed
Element
 According to the UNDP, vulnerability is
“the degree of loss to each element
at risk at a certain severity
level”

 Physical, social, economic, and

environmental factors determine the
likelihood and severity of damage due to
a given hazard
Social, Environmental, and Econo
Factors ofmic
Vulnerability

Social
 Certain population groups may be more vulnerable than others.
 For example, the very young and the old are more exposed to most hazards
than any other age groups
 Among the most vulnerable elements are the schoolchildren, especially
those in the pre-elementary levels
ocial, Environmental, and Economic
Factors of Vulnerability
Environmental
 Compared with developed countries, developing nations face
more exposure and vulnerability because of their
relative inability to adapt to changes and to create wealth
that may enhance resilience
 Rapid urbanization in hazardous areas heightens
vulnerability to disaster risk
ocial, Environmental, and Economic
Factors of Vulnerability
Economi
c
 Economic vulnerability is the susceptibility of individuals,
communities, businesses, and governments to absorb or
cushion the effects of a hazard event
 Rural households are found to be more vulnerable than
those in urban environments because of the greater
number of people living in poverty
CHAPTER 3
BASIC CONCEPT OF HAZARD
r d Types
and Haza
r ds
3.1 Haza
f H azard
r ist ics o
e
C haract
3.2
ic at ion,
d i d entif apping
H a zar , and M
3.3 s m ent
s
Asse
Hazards and Hazard Types
What is Hazard?
Hazards are the potentials for damage to man and his
environment that may result from the occurrences of natural events
such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, floods, and storm surges.

An event per se does not constitute a hazard. It is only when

man and his environment are threatened that these events can be
considered hazards.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF HAZA
RD
Natural hazards such as volcanic Secondary hazards are the
eruptions and earthquakes result consequences of other hazards. E.g.
from earth’s natural processes landslides,
liquefaction, tsunamis, fire

Technological hazards
Such as radiation leak from
Quasi-natural hazards result
a nuclear power plant are from the interaction between
The product of human natural processes and human
activities activities
 TYPES OF HAZARD
GEOLOGIC

MAN-MADE HYDROLOG

! IC

BIOLOGIC ATMOSPHERI
C
 TYPES OF HAZARD
GEOLOGIC HYDRO ATMOS BIOLOGIC MAN-MADE
LOGIC PHERIC
Earthquakes
• Vibration
Flood-river Typhoons or Epidemic in Transport
• Ground rupture and coastal Hurricanes Humans accidents
• Liquefaction
• Earthquake-
induced landslides
• Tsunami
Volcanic eruption
• Lava flow
Wave action Thunderstorm Epidemic in Industrial
• Volcanic gas plants Explosions
• Pyroclastic flow
• Tephra fall
And fires
• Lahar
• Volcanic debris
• avalanche
GEOLOGIC HYDRO ATMOS BIOLOGIC MAN-MADE
LOGIC PHERIC
Rainfall- induced
Landslides
Drought Excessive Epidemic in Accidental release of
toxic chemicals,
Rainfall Animals radiological material,
biologic material, oil,
etc.
Rapid sediment
Movement
Rapid glacier Tornadoes Locusts Nuclear
Advance accidents
Subsidence Heavy Collapse of
Snowfalls public buildings

“glaze” storms

Freezing rain
GEOLOGIC HYDRO ATMOS BIOLOGIC MAN-MADE
LOGIC PHERIC
Sinkhole formation Hail WMD- weapons of
mass destruction
(biological, nuclear,
incendiary, chemical,
and explosive)
Impacts with
Space objects
Blizzards Computer virus
such as a “Trojan
horse” program

High wind
speeds
Extreme
Temperatures
lightning
CHARACTERISTICS OF HAZ
ARD
! KEY HAZARD
S !
PARAMETER

 Most hazard quantification methods consider the

magnitude and intensity in determining the level of
harm that a hazard even might bring.

 Magnitude of the event is a measure of its strength

and is an indication of how destructive it can be
 Richter Magnitude Scale measures the amount of
seismic energy released in an earthquake
 KEY HAZARD
PARAMETERS
 Volcanic Explosivity Index measures the relative explosiveness of
eruptions based mainly on visual observations.

 The Mercalli Scale and the Rossi-Forel Scale are measures of

earthquake intensity

 Speed of Onset is among the most important aspects of hazards.

How predictable a hazard is and how much lead time is allowed
by it, is critical in determining how damaging it will be.
Section 3.3 Hazard Identifica
tion,
Assessment, and Mapping
Hazard Identification and Assessment
 “Hazard assessment is the process of estimating, for
defined areas, the probabilities of the occurrence of
potentially damaging phenomenon of given magnitude
within a specific period of time”

 Risk assessments involves both the assessment of

hazards from scientific point of view and the
socioeconomic impacts of a hazardous event.
 Includes qualitative and/or quantitative informatio
n
Quantitative approach
Mathematical functions or equations relating the hazard variables
used are formulated or adopted to quantify the hazard.

Qualitative approach
This method uses expert opinions in ranking in relative terms. This
method is preferred especially when data is not enough to come up
with a
quantitative evaluation
 Includes qualitative and/or quantitative information

Probabilistic approach
It provides an objective estimate of the probability of each hazard
affecting an area or region by considering past record of events

Deterministic approach
This is a more subjective approach of estimating probability
 HAZARD MAPPING
It is the process of identifying the spatial variation of hazard
events or physical conditions (potential ground shaking, steep
slopes, flood plains, and hazardous material sites)

A hazard map is quite useful in communicating vital

information about the spatial variation of size and potential
intensity of a particular hazard
Natural Hazards Mapping Methods and Techni
ques

1 Use of various field techniques (compasses, GPS) to establish the

locations an orientations of relevant geologic materials

2 Stereoscopic pairs of air photographs

3 Scientific investigation involving experts from various
fields
End