INTRODUCTION TO

FUZZY SYSTEMS

By
Dr. M. Tahir Khaleeq

Total Slides 37 1
 Fuzzy Sets
• Fuzzy logic is an approach to uncertainty that combines real values
[0,1] and logic operations
• Fuzzy logic is based on the ideas of fuzzy set theory and fuzzy set
membership.
Ex: He is very tall  how does this differ from tall?
• In normal sets, membership is binary.
– An item is either in the set or not in the set.
Ex: U = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
A = {1,3,5,7,9}
B = {2,4,6,8}.

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Fuzzy Sets (continue)
• In fuzzy sets, membership is based on a degree
between 0 and 1
– 0 means that the object is not a member of the set
– 1 means that the object belongs entirely to the set
– If degree is between 0 and 1, then this degree is the
degree to which the item is thought to be in the set.
– Each value of the function is called a membership
degree.
Ex: Jun is 43, 1.0 in set Hot
August is 40, 0.7 in set Hot
September is 35, 0.2 in set Hot 3
Fuzzy Sets (continue)
• The notion of the fuzzy set was introduced by Lotfi Zadeh
in 1965.
• Fuzzy sets have imprecise boundaries.
• Transition between fuzzy sets is gradual.
• Fuzzy v Crisp:
Fuzzy (approximate) Crisp (precise)
- Elements can belong to Elements belong to one
two sets at same time. set or the other only.
- cold, warm, hot 20, 30, 40 (°C)
- slow, normal, fast 50, 70, 100 (km/h)
- dry, normal, humid 10, 25, 75 (% R.H.)4
Fuzzy Sets (continue)
• Difference between an ordinary (crisp set) and a fuzzy set
is shown in the figure
• Crisp sets use clear cut
on the boundaries.
cool medium
Crisp set • Fuzzy sets use grades.

Fuzzy set Ex: values 14.99 and 15.01.

medium
- Belong to the fuzzy set
medium.
- Associated with different
crisp sets, cool and
medium.
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Fuzzy Sets (continue)
Example: Three fuzzy sets , values of a variable height are:
short, medium, tall.

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Short Medium Tall – The value 170cm belongs

0.7
to fuzzy set medium to a
degree of 0.2 and at the
0.2 set tall to a degree of 0.7.
30 170 250
Height (cm)

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 Conceptualizing in Fuzzy terms
• The representation of a problem in fuzzy terms is called
conceptualization in fuzzy terms.

• Linguistic terms are used in the process of identification

and specification of a problem and construction of rules.
Ex: higher, lower, very strong, slowly, much dependent,
less dependent, good, bad etc.

• Linguistic variable is a variable which takes fuzzy values

and has a linguistic meaning.
Ex: Linguistic variable: Velocity.
Value: low, moderate, or high.
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Conceptualizing in Fuzzy terms (continue)

• Linguistic values are also called fuzzy labels, fuzzy

predicates, or fuzzy concepts.
• Linguistic values have semantic meaning and can be
expressed numerically by their membership functions.
• Linguistic variables can be
– Quantitative
Ex: temperature:low, high
time: early, late
– Qualitative
Ex: truth, certainty, belief
• The process of representing a linguistic variable into a set
of linguistic values is called fuzzy quantization. 8
 Crisp Membership Function
Rule: IF temp >37 THEN day = hot.
– Precise value of set { hot } at 37 °C
– Each temp U belongs to only one set.
 1.0
hot
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
35 36 37 38 39 40 U
Temp (°C) 9
 Fuzzy Membership Functions
• Following are the most useful membership functions in

fuzzy expert systems design:

1. Single-valued (Singleton)
2. Triangular
3. Trapezoidal
4. S-function (sigmoid function)
5. Z-function
6.  function (bell function

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Single-valued (Singleton)

• U = b. B is a scalar value
Triangular Function b U
• The triangular functions are uniformly distributed over
the universe U.

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• Membership function (for a<b<c):
x a c x
mtri ( x; a , b, c)  max{min{ , }, 0 },
b  a c b
Example: If X= 32.5 then
µtri (32.5; 25,30,35) = max { min { 32.5 - 25 , 35 - 32.5 },0}
30 - 25 35 - 30
= max { min { 1.5, 0.5},0}
= max {0.5,0} = 0.5

32.5
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Trapezoidal Function
• Member ship function (for a  b < c  d )
x a d x
m trap ( x; a , b, c,d )  max{min{ ,1, }, 0 },
b a d c

- Fuzzy membership for u between 36 and 38 °C as uU

- About half of persons would call the day “hot” when the
temp is 37 °C. m(T) represents the fraction of people,
who would assign the term “hot” to the day. 13
S-Function (sigmoid function)
• Member function for a<b:
1
msigm ( x; a , b) 
1  e  a ( x b )

- Fuzzy membership for u between 36 and 38 °C as uU

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 Fuzzy Logic
• Just as fuzzy sets are an extension to sets, fuzzy logic is an
extension to classical logic.
• Fuzzy logic is a multi-valued logic while the classical logic is a
binary logic.
• Classical logic holds that every thing can be expressed in binary
terms: 0 or 1, black or white, yes or ne, in terms of Boolean
algebra, every thing is in one set or another but not in both.
• Fuzzy logic allows for values between 0 and 1, shades of gray
and may be partial membership in a set.

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Fuzzy Logic (continue)
• When the approximate reasoning of fuzzy logic is used
with an expert system, logical inferences can be drawn
from imprecise relationships.
• EX: To optimize automatically the wash cycle of a
washing machine by sensing
– the load size
– fabric mix, and
– quantity of detergent.
• The most distinguishing property of fuzzy logic is that
deal with fuzzy propositions, which contain fuzzy
variables and fuzzy values.
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 Fuzzy Rules
• Several types of fuzzy rules have been used for fuzzy
knowledge engineering.
• IF x is A THEN y is B
– Where (x is A) and (y is B) are two fuzzy
propositions:
• x and y are fuzzy variables defined over universe
of discourse U and V respectively; and
• A and B are fuzzy sets defined by their fuzzy
membership functions
µA : U  [0,1], µB : V  [0,1]
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Fuzzy Rules (continue)
• May contain AND, OR, NOT and other operators
• The conclusion is computed by applying these fuzzy
operators to the fuzzified inputs
• Implication operation will be applied to rule output
Example: IF day is hot THEN drink lots of water

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Fuzzy Rules (continue)
• The rule would recommend to drink 6 - 10 glasses of
water.
• The implication of the rule will be the minimum of the
intersection of the 0.7 membership line with the “lots
of” implication weight function.
mA B ( x , y )  min[mA ( x ), mB ( y )]

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 Fuzzification
• When the input data are crisp then the fuzzification is
applied over fuzzy rules of the type
IF x1 is A1 AND x2 is A2 THEN y is B.

• Fuzzification is the process of finding the membership

degrees µA1(x1’) and µA2(x2’) to which input data x1’ and
x2’ belong to the fuzzy sets A1 and A2 in the antecedent
part of a fuzzy rule.

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Fuzzification (continue)
– Crisp input x is input to fuzzy membership function m(x)
Example: Temperature = 37.4 degC
– Result is fuzzy degree of membership
Example: Membership in “hot” is 0.7

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 RULE EVALUATION
• Rule evaluation takes place after the fuzzification
procedure.
• It deals with single values of membership degrees
mA(x) and mA(y) and produces output membership
function.
• There are two major methods which can be applied:
1. Minimum inference:
mA B ( x , y )  min[mA ( x ), mB ( y )]
2. Product inference:
mA B ( x , y )  mA ( x )mB ( y ) 22
 DEFUZZIFICATION
• If the output is crisp then the defuzzification is applied
over fuzzy rules.

• Defuzzification is the process of calculating a single-

output numerical value for a fuzzy output variable on
the basis of the inferred resulting membership function
for this variable.

• Following two methods are widely used

1. The Center-of-Gravity method (COG)
2. The Mean-of-Maxima method (MOM) 23
The Center-of-Gravity Method
– This method finds the geometical centre y’ in the universe V of an
output variable y, which is center balance the inferred membership
function B as a fuzzy value for y.

 v . mB(v)
The Mean-of-Maxima Method
y=
– This method finds the value y’for
mBoutput
(v) variable y which has
maximum membership degree according to the fuzzy membership
function B.
– If values have maximum values then find mean of them.

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Example

y'(MOM)
0.7
y'(COG)

y
0 1 2 3 4
1.5
1.9
(0 × 0) + (1 × 1) + (1 × 2) + (0.7 × 3)
y'(COG) =  1.9
1 + 1 + 0.7
1+2
y'(MOM) = = 1.5
2

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 Fuzzy Expert System
• A fuzzy expert system is like an ordinary expert system
but methods of fuzzy logic are applied.
• Fuzzy expert systems use:
– Fuzzy data (fuzzy input and output variables)
– Fuzzy rules
– Fuzzy inference
– Other components of the ordinary expert system

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Block diagram of a fuzzy expert system

Fuzzy Rule Base Learning Fuzzy Rules

Fuzzy Inference Data Base (Fuzzy)

Machine

Fuzzification

Membership Defuzzyfication
Function

User Interface
Fuzzy data/Exact data
Fuzzy queries/Exact queries

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1. Fuzzy Rule-Base
– The fuzzy rules and the membership functions make up
the system knowledge base.
– Some systems use production rules extended with fuzzy
variables and confidence factors.
– Different types of production rules can be used:
antecedent part  consequent part
Crisp  Crisp (CF)
Crisp  Fuzzy (CF)
Fuzzy  Crisp (CF)
Fuzzy  Fuzzy (CF)
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2. Data-Base
– Data can be exact or fuzzy data with certainty factors.
Ex: economic situation good CF = 0.95
3. Fuzzy Inference Machine
– A fuzzy inference machine is built on the theoretical basis
of fuzzy inference methods
– A fuzzy inference machine activates all the satisfied rules
at every cycle.
– A characteristic of fuzzy expert system is the realization
of partial match between exact or fuzzy facts.
– A rule is fired only if the matching degree of the left hand
side of the rule is greater than a predefined threshold.
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– A measure of the degree of matching is calculated for
every case.
Ex: fuzzy fact --- fuzzy condition
Crisp fact --- fuzzy condition
fuzzy fact --- exact condition
crisp fact --- exact condition

4. Fuzzification and Defuzzification

– These may be used according to the type of inference
machine implemented in the fuzzy expert system.

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5. User Interface
– The interface unit communicates with the user or the
environment, or both for collecting input data and
reporting output results.
– Fuzzy queries might be possible when the user input
information in fuzzy terms.
Ex: high temperature, severe headache etc.
6. Learning Fuzzy Rules
– This is optional module.
– Learning can take place either before the inference
machine starts the reasoning process, or during the
fuzzy inference process.
– If learning takes place before the inference machine
starts the learning module uses AI machine learning
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methods or neural networks.
– If the learning takes place during the fuzzy inference
process the fuzzy neural networks can be used for
learning.

7. Explanation
– The explanation module explains the way the expert
system is functioning during the inference process or
explains how the final solution has been reached.
– The system may use fuzzy terms for explanation as well as
exact terms and values.

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 Fuzzy System Design
• The following are the main steps of the fuzzy system design:
1. Identification the Problem
– Identify the problem and choosing the type of fuzzy system,
which best suits the problem requirements.
– A modular system can be designed consisting of several
modules linked together.
– The modular approach simply the design of the whole system,
reduce the complexity and make the system more
comprehensible.
2. Defining the Input and Output Variables:
– Define the input and output variables, their fuzzy values and
their membership functions.
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3. Articulating the Set of Fuzzy Rules

4. Choosing the fuzzy inference method, fuzzification and

defuzzification methods if necessary.

5. Experiment and Validate the System

– Experimenting with the fuzzy system prototype,
– drawing the goal function between input and output fuzzy
variables,
– changing the membership functions and fuzzy rules if
necessary,
– tuning the fuzzy system,
– validation of the results. 34
Methods for Obtaining Fuzzy Rules
• The main problem in building fuzzy expert systems is that
of articulating the fuzzy rules and membership functions
for the fuzzy terms.
• Some methods for obtaining fuzzy rules are as follows:
1. Interview an Expert
– Sometimes, communication between expert and
interviewer can be difficult because of a lake of common
understanding.
– The shape of membership functions, the number of labels,
and so forth should be defined by the expert. But,
sometimes the human expert is unfamiliar with fuzzy sets
or fuzzy logic and the knowledge engineer is unfamiliar
with the domain area. 35
2. Imagine the Behavior of the System
– The system designer has to be particularly experienced with the
system in order to imagine physical behavior of the system and
think about physical meaning in natural and technical languages.

3. Using Learning Methods

– Use the methods of machine-learning, neural networks, and genetic
algorithms to learns fuzzy rules from data and to learn membership
functions if they are not given in advance.

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END

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 All lectures are available on
www.geocities.com/mtkhaleeq/AI.htm

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