E 3042 – INSTRUMENTATION 1

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 Meter
Two type of meter :
i. Meter Digital
ii. Meter Analog
 Introduction
Meter
 A meter is a measuring instrument.

i. An ammeter measures current.

ii. A voltmeter meter measures the potential difference
(voltage) between two points.
iii. An ohmmeter measures resistance.

Multimeter
 A multimeter combines these functions, and possibly
some additional ones as well, into single instrument.
 Ammeter
Before going in to detail about multimeters, it is important for you to have a
clear idea of how meters are connected into circuits. Diagrams A and B below
show a circuit before and after connecting an ammeter:

A B

to measure current, the circuit must be broken to allow the ammeter to be connected in series
ammeters must have a LOW resistance
 Voltmeter
Diagram C shows the circuit after connecting a voltmeter:

A C

to measure potential difference (voltage), the circuit is not changed the voltmeter is connected
in parallel
voltmeters must have a HIGH resistance
 Ohmmeter
An ohmmeter does not function with a circuit connected to a power supply. If
you want to measure the resistance of a particular component, you must take it
out of the circuit altogether and test it separately, as shown in diagram D:

A D

to measure resistance, the component must be removed from the circuit altogether

ohmmeters work by passing a current through the component being tested

 Meter Digital
One example of meter digital is a Digital Multimeter. Digital multi-meters are most
accurate than analog multi-meters. Most Digital multi-meters are able to measure dc
and ac voltage, dc and ac current and resistance.

1. Function/Range Switch : selects the function

(voltmeter, ammeter, or ohmmeter) and the
range for the measurement.

2. COM Input Terminal : Common ground, used in

ALL measurements.
3. V Ω Input Terminal : for voltage or resistance
measurements.
4. 200 mA Input Terminal : for small current
measurements.
5. 10 A Input Terminal : for large current
measurements.
6. Low Battery LCD : appears when the battery
needs replacement.
 Digital multi-meters
Multimeters are designed and mass produced for electronics engineers. Even
the simplest and cheapest types may include features which you are not
likely to use. Digital meters give an output in numbers, usually on a liquid
crystal display.
The diagram below shows a switched range multimeter:

The central knob has lots of positions and you must

choose which one is appropriate for the measurement you
want to make. If the meter is switched to 20 V DC, for
example, then 20 V is the maximum voltage which can be
measured, This is sometimes called 20 V fsd, where fsd is
short for full scale deflection.

For circuits with power supplies of up to 20 V, which includes

all the circuits you are likely to build, the 20 V DC voltage
range is the most useful. DC ranges are indicated by   on the
meter. Sometimes, you will want to measure smaller
voltages, and in this case, the 2 V or 200 mV ranges are used.

Switched range multimeter

DC means direct current. In any circuit which operates from a
steady voltage source, such as a battery, current flow is always
in the same direction. Every constructional project descirbed
in Design Electronics works in this way.

AC means alternating current. In an electric lamp connected to

the domestic mains electricity, current flows first one way, then
the other. That is, the current reverses, or alternates, in direction.

For safety reasons, you must NEVER connect a multimeter to the

mains supply.

You are not at all likely to use the AC ranges, indicated by, on your
multimeter.
An alternative style of multimeter is the autoranging multimeter:

The central knob has fewer positions and all you need to do
is to switch it to the quantity you want to measure. Once
switched to V, the meter automatically adjusts its range to
give a meaningful reading, and the display includes the unit
of measurement, V or mV. This type of meter is more
expensive, but obviously much easier to use.

Where are the two meter probes connected? The black lead is

always connected into the socket marked COM, short for
COMMON. The red lead is connected into the socket labelled V
mA. The 10A socket is very rarely used.

Autoranging multimeter
Precautions for voltage measurements :

•Plug the black test lead into the COM jack.

•Plug the red test lead into the VΩ jack.

•Set the function/range switch to either

o DC volts in the upper left, or
o AC volts in the upper right

• If you do not know the approximate voltage about to be measured, use the largest
voltage range available.

• Connect the free ends of the red and black test leads ACROSS the device to the
measured. Voltage is always measured with the meter in PARALLEL with the device.

• If the LCD displays either "1." or "-1." with all other digits blank, the voltage is beyond
the selected range. Use the switch to select a larger range.

• Once you know the approximate voltage across the device, then use the switch to
select the lowest voltage range that will still accomodate the voltage across the device.
For example:
Range Actual value Display Comments

1000 VDC 18.75 V 19 Reduce range

200 VDC 18.75 V 18.8 Reduce range

20 VDC 18.75 V 18.75 Correct range

Overload -
2 VDC 18.75 V 1.
increase range
Precautions for Current Measurements
•Turn the power off to the device and discharge any capacitors!
•Plug the black test lead into the COM jack.
•Plug the red test lead into either the
200 mA jack for small current measurements, or the
10 A jack for large current measurements.
•If you do not know the approximate current about to be measured, use the 10 A jack.
•Set the function/range switch to either
DC amperes in the lower right, or
AC amperes in the middle right.
•Break open the circuit at the point where you want to measure the current by removing one
of the wires. Connect the free end of the red test lead to one place at which the wire was
attached. Connect the free end of the black test lead to the other place at which the wire was
attached. Current is always measured with the meter in SERIES with the device. If you do not
understand the difference between SERIES and PARALLEL, ask your TA. Using the current
meter incorrectly will blow the fuse or damage the meter. (It will also cost you points on your
lab writeup.)
•Reapply the power to the device.
•If the LCD displays either "1." or "-1." with all other digits blank, the current is beyond the
selected range. Use the switch to select a larger range.
•Once you know the approximate current through the device, then use the switch to select the
lowest current range that will still accomodate the current through the device.
•Turn the power off to the device before removing the meter from the circuit.
Precautions for Resistance Measurements
• Turn the power off to the device and discharge any capacitors!
• Plug the black test lead into the COM jack.
• Plug the red test lead into the V Ω jack.
• Set the function/range switch to ohms (Ω) in the lower left
• If you do not know the approximate resistance about to be measured,
use the largest range available.
• Connect the free ends of the red and black test leads ACROSS the
device to the measured. Resistance is always measured with the meter
in PARALLEL with the device.
• If the LCD displays either "1." or "-1." with all other digits blank, the
resistance is beyond the selected range. Use the switch to select a larger
range.
• Once you know the approximate resistance of the device, then use the
switch to select the lowest range that will still accomodate the
resistance of the device.
 Type of Digital Meters

Digital Multimeter (HP-760C 3 1/2 Pocket Digital Multimeter HP- 2230A

Single Phase Energy Meter (DDS169(A))

 Meter Analog
One example of meter analog is a Analog Multimeter. The Analog Multimeter is a
rugged, accurate, easy-to-operate, compact instrument. The stable linear meter
movement allows it to make accurate measurements of AC and DC voltages, DC
currents in the milliamp range, resistance, and decibels. The multimeter uses the most
modern components and circuit techniques designed in a high-impact
case.

MULTIMETER BASIC FUNCTIONS

1. Protective boot
2. Meter
3. OHMS: This function is used for measuring the
resistance of a component.
4. Zero Adjuster: A thumbwheel adjustment located
on the left side of the multimeter. The zero adjuster
is used to zero the meter pointer when making
resistance measurements.
5. AC VOLTS: This function is used for measuring
AC (Alternating Current) voltages.
6. BAT: This function is used for testing 1.5V and 9V
batteries under load.
7. Protective Caps: Keep the caps on when the multimeter is not in
use.
8. Test leads.
9. OFF: When the multimeter is not in use, keep the function range
switch in the OFF position.
10. DC VOLTS: This function is used to measure DC (Direct Current)
11. Function range switch: A 16 position switch located at the center
of the meter. This switch is used to select the function and range
to be measured.
12. DC milliamps: This function is used for measuring the DC Current
(Direct Current).
13. Mechanical adjuster: A screw located directly below the center
ofthe meter scale. The mechanical adjuster is used to set the meter
pointer to the Zero mark at the left side of the black scale. Power
supply: One 1.5V, size “AA” cell battery for Ohmmeter. Size &
Weight (with protective boot): 88mm x 155 mm x 49 mm, 288 g.
 Type of Analog Meter

Voltmeter Analog meter KS-390

Analog Multimeter (KS-298) Analog Multimeter (YX-360TR)

 Reference
http//:www.meteranalog.com
http//:www.meterdigital.com
http//:www.meter oh meter.com
 ENDS
THANK YOU!!