CITS4243: Advanced Databases: Datta@csse - Uwa.edu - Au

CITS4243: Advanced Databases
 Lecturer : Amitava Datta

[email protected]
Room 1.07
Computer Science Building
 Office hours: Anytime,

10-11 am Monday
 Unit web page:

http://undergraduate.csse.uwa.edu.au/units/CITS42
43
December 8, 2021 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 1

CITS4243:Assessments
 Project and/or paper: 50%
 Final Examination: 50%
The project/paper will consist of two parts:
 An analysis of a business scenario through an

OLAP or data mining tool
 Writing a small paper that will explain clearly the
material in a research paper that I will assign to
you.

CITS4243:Textbook
 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques, 2nd
ed.
Jiawei Han and Micheline Kamber
 The book is available from google books preview,

but with missing pages.
 I will use lecture slides from this book. However,

the publisher has given me permission to do so
with the constraint that I can keep the slides only
at a password protected site.
 I will not record the lectures.

CITS4243: Advanced Databases
 Your password for accessing lecture notes will be:
the first three digits of your student number,
followed by your last name (surname), followed
by the rest of your student number.
 The site for lecture slides will be ready by early

next week (there is a link to this site from the unit
page).
 I will keep both the original slides and my

modified slides.
 All original slides are available for download from
Jiawei Han‘s web page.
CITS4243: Laboratories
 We have been allocated only one lab session and
we have 80+ students.
 You have to do the labs on your own.
 We will use two open source software packages:
1. Palo for OLAP
2. Weka for data mining
 Both can be downloaded freely. Labs will start in
the fourth or fifth week.
 The lab session will be used more as a
question/answer session.
Chapter 1. Introduction
 Motivation: Why data mining?

 What is data mining?
 Data Mining: On what kind of data?
 Data mining functionality
 Classification of data mining systems
 Major issues in data mining

Why Data Mining?
 The Explosive Growth of Data: from terabytes to petabytes

 Data collection and data availability
 Automated data collection tools, database systems, Web,
computerized society
 Major sources of abundant data
 Business: Web, e-commerce, transactions, stocks, …
 Science: Remote sensing, bioinformatics, scientific simulation, …
 Society and everyone: news, digital cameras, YouTube
 We are drowning in data, but starving for knowledge!
 “Necessity is the mother of invention”—Data mining—Automated
analysis of massive data sets

Evolution of Sciences
 Before 1600, empirical science
 1600-1950s, theoretical science
 Each discipline has grown a theoretical component. Theoretical models often
motivate experiments and generalize our understanding.
 1950s-1990s, computational science
 Over the last 50 years, most disciplines have grown a third, computational branch
(e.g. empirical, theoretical, and computational ecology, or physics, or linguistics.)
 Computational Science traditionally meant simulation. It grew out of our inability to
find closed-form solutions for complex mathematical models.
 1990-now, data science
 The flood of data from new scientific instruments and simulations
 The ability to economically store and manage petabytes of data online
 The Internet and computing Grid that makes all these archives universally accessible
 Scientific info. management, acquisition, organization, query, and visualization tasks
scale almost linearly with data volumes. Data mining is a major new challenge!
 Jim Gray and Alex Szalay, The World Wide Telescope: An Archetype for Online Science ,
Comm. ACM, 45(11): 50-54, Nov. 2002

Evolution of Database Technology
 1960s:
 Data collection, database creation, IMS and network DBMS
 1970s:
 Relational data model, relational DBMS implementation
 1980s:
 RDBMS, advanced data models (extended-relational, OO, deductive, etc.)
 Application-oriented DBMS (spatial, scientific, engineering, etc.)
 1990s:
 Data mining, data warehousing, multimedia databases, and Web
databases
 2000s
 Stream data management and mining
 Data mining and its applications
 Web technology (XML, data integration) and global information systems

What Is Data Mining?
 Data mining (knowledge discovery from data)

 Extraction of interesting (non-trivial, implicit, previously
unknown and potentially useful) patterns or knowledge from
huge amount of data
 Data mining: a misnomer?
 Alternative names
 Knowledge discovery (mining) in databases (KDD), knowledge
extraction, data/pattern analysis, data archeology, data
dredging, information harvesting, business intelligence, etc.
 Watch out: Is everything “data mining”?
 Simple search and query processing
 (Deductive) expert systems

Knowledge Discovery (KDD) Process
 Data mining—core of Pattern Evaluation

knowledge discovery
process
Data Mining
Task-relevant Data
Data Selection
Warehouse
Data Cleaning
Data Integration
Databases
Data Mining and Business Intelligence
Increasing potential
to support
business decisions End User
Decision
Making
Data Presentation Business

Analyst
Visualization Techniques
Data Mining Data
Information Discovery Analyst
Data Exploration
Statistical Summary, Querying, and Reporting
Data Preprocessing/Integration, Data Warehouses

DBA
Data Sources
Paper, Files, Web documents, Scientific experiments, Database Systems
Data Mining: Confluence of Multiple Disciplines
Database
Technology Statistics
Machine Visualization
Learning Data Mining
Pattern
Recognition Other
Algorithm Disciplines

Why Not Traditional Data Analysis?
 Tremendous amount of data
 Algorithms must be highly scalable to handle such as tera-bytes of
data
 High-dimensionality of data
 Micro-array may have tens of thousands of dimensions
 High complexity of data
 Data streams and sensor data
 Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data
 Structure data, graphs, social networks and multi-linked data
 Heterogeneous databases and legacy databases
 Spatial, spatiotemporal, multimedia, text and Web data
 Software programs, scientific simulations
 New and sophisticated applications
Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
 Data to be mined
 Relational, data warehouse, transactional, stream, object-
oriented/relational, active, spatial, time-series, text, multi-media,
heterogeneous, legacy, WWW
 Knowledge to be mined
 Characterization, discrimination, association, classification, clustering,
trend/deviation, outlier analysis, etc.
 Multiple/integrated functions and mining at multiple levels
 Techniques utilized
 Database-oriented, data warehouse (OLAP), machine learning, statistics,
visualization, etc.
 Applications adapted
 Retail, telecommunication, banking, fraud analysis, bio-data mining, stock
market analysis, text mining, Web mining, etc.

Data Mining: Classification Schemes
 General functionality
 Descriptive data mining
 Predictive data mining
 Different views lead to different classifications
 Data view: Kinds of data to be mined
 Knowledge view: Kinds of knowledge to be discovered
 Method view: Kinds of techniques utilized
 Application view: Kinds of applications adapted

Data Mining: On What Kinds of Data?
 Database-oriented data sets and applications
 Relational database, data warehouse, transactional database
 Advanced data sets and advanced applications
 Data streams and sensor data
 Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data (incl. bio-sequences)
 Structure data, graphs, social networks and multi-linked data
 Object-relational databases
 Heterogeneous databases and legacy databases
 Spatial data and spatiotemporal data
 Multimedia database
 Text databases
 The World-Wide Web

Data Mining Functionalities
 Multidimensional concept description: Characterization and
discrimination
 Generalize, summarize, and contrast data characteristics, e.g.,
dry vs. wet regions
 Frequent patterns, association, correlation vs. causality
 Diaper  Beer [0.5%, 75%] (Correlation or causality?)
 Classification and prediction
 Construct models (functions) that describe and distinguish
classes or concepts for future prediction
 E.g., classify countries based on (climate), or classify cars
based on (gas mileage)
 Predict some unknown or missing numerical values

Data Mining Functionalities (2)
 Cluster analysis
 Class label is unknown: Group data to form new classes, e.g.,
cluster houses to find distribution patterns

 Maximizing intra-class similarity & minimizing interclass similarity
 Outlier analysis
 Outlier: Data object that does not comply with the general behavior
of the data
 Noise or exception? Useful in fraud detection, rare events analysis
 Trend and evolution analysis

 Trend and deviation: e.g., regression analysis
 Sequential pattern mining: e.g., digital camera  large SD memory
 Periodicity analysis
 Similarity-based analysis
 Other pattern-directed or statistical analyses

Major Issues in Data Mining
 Mining methodology
 Mining different kinds of knowledge from diverse data types, e.g., bio, stream,
Web
 Performance: efficiency, effectiveness, and scalability
 Pattern evaluation: the interestingness problem
 Incorporation of background knowledge
 Handling noise and incomplete data
 Parallel, distributed and incremental mining methods
 Integration of the discovered knowledge with existing one: knowledge fusion
 User interaction
 Data mining query languages and ad-hoc mining
 Expression and visualization of data mining results
 Interactive mining of knowledge at multiple levels of abstraction
 Applications and social impacts
 Domain-specific data mining & invisible data mining
 Protection of data security, integrity, and privacy

A Brief History of Data Mining Society
 1989 IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge Discovery in Databases

 Knowledge Discovery in Databases (G. Piatetsky-Shapiro and W. Frawley,
1991)
 1991-1994 Workshops on Knowledge Discovery in Databases
 Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (U. Fayyad, G.
Piatetsky-Shapiro, P. Smyth, and R. Uthurusamy, 1996)
 1995-1998 International Conferences on Knowledge Discovery in Databases
and Data Mining (KDD’95-98)
 Journal of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery (1997)
 ACM SIGKDD conferences since 1998 and SIGKDD Explorations
 More conferences on data mining
 PAKDD (1997), PKDD (1997), SIAM-Data Mining (2001), (IEEE) ICDM
(2001), etc.
 ACM Transactions on KDD starting in 2007
Conferences and Journals on Data Mining
 KDD Conferences  Other related conferences

 ACM SIGKDD Int. Conf. on  ACM SIGMOD
Knowledge Discovery in  VLDB
Databases and Data Mining
(KDD)  (IEEE) ICDE
 SIAM Data Mining Conf. (SDM)  WWW, SIGIR
 (IEEE) Int. Conf. on Data  ICML, CVPR, NIPS
Mining (ICDM)  Journals
 Conf. on Principles and
practices of Knowledge
 Data Mining and Knowledge
Discovery and Data Mining Discovery (DAMI or DMKD)
(PKDD)  IEEE Trans. On Knowledge
 Pacific-Asia Conf. on and Data Eng. (TKDE)
Knowledge Discovery and Data  KDD Explorations
Mining (PAKDD)  ACM Trans. on KDD
Where to Find References? DBLP, CiteSeer, Google
 Data mining and KDD (SIGKDD: CDROM)

 Conferences: ACM-SIGKDD, IEEE-ICDM, SIAM-DM, PKDD, PAKDD, etc.
 Journal: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, KDD Explorations, ACM TKDD
 Database systems (SIGMOD: ACM SIGMOD Anthology—CD ROM)
 Conferences: ACM-SIGMOD, ACM-PODS, VLDB, IEEE-ICDE, EDBT, ICDT, DASFAA
 Journals: IEEE-TKDE, ACM-TODS/TOIS, JIIS, J. ACM, VLDB J., Info. Sys., etc.
 AI & Machine Learning
 Conferences: Machine learning (ML), AAAI, IJCAI, COLT (Learning Theory), CVPR, NIPS, etc.
 Journals: Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, Knowledge and Information Systems, IEEE-
PAMI, etc.
 Web and IR
 Conferences: SIGIR, WWW, CIKM, etc.
 Journals: WWW: Internet and Web Information Systems,
 Statistics
 Conferences: Joint Stat. Meeting, etc.
 Journals: Annals of statistics, etc.
 Visualization
 Conference proceedings: CHI, ACM-SIGGraph, etc.
 Journals: IEEE Trans. visualization and computer graphics, etc.

Recommended Reference Books
 S. Chakrabarti. Mining the Web: Statistical Analysis of Hypertex and Semi-Structured Data. Morgan
Kaufmann, 2002
 R. O. Duda, P. E. Hart, and D. G. Stork, Pattern Classification, 2ed., Wiley-Interscience, 2000
 T. Dasu and T. Johnson. Exploratory Data Mining and Data Cleaning. John Wiley & Sons, 2003
 U. M. Fayyad, G. Piatetsky-Shapiro, P. Smyth, and R. Uthurusamy. Advances in Knowledge Discovery and
Data Mining. AAAI/MIT Press, 1996
 U. Fayyad, G. Grinstein, and A. Wierse, Information Visualization in Data Mining and Knowledge
Discovery, Morgan Kaufmann, 2001
 J. Han and M. Kamber. Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques. Morgan Kaufmann, 2 nd ed., 2006
 D. J. Hand, H. Mannila, and P. Smyth, Principles of Data Mining, MIT Press, 2001
 T. Hastie, R. Tibshirani, and J. Friedman, The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference,
and Prediction, Springer-Verlag, 2001
 B. Liu, Web Data Mining, Springer 2006.
 T. M. Mitchell, Machine Learning, McGraw Hill, 1997
 G. Piatetsky-Shapiro and W. J. Frawley. Knowledge Discovery in Databases. AAAI/MIT Press, 1991
 P.-N. Tan, M. Steinbach and V. Kumar, Introduction to Data Mining, Wiley, 2005
 S. M. Weiss and N. Indurkhya, Predictive Data Mining, Morgan Kaufmann, 1998
 I. H. Witten and E. Frank, Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques with Java
Implementations, Morgan Kaufmann, 2 nd ed. 2005

Summary
 Data mining: Discovering interesting patterns from large amounts of

data
 A natural evolution of database technology, in great demand, with
wide applications
 A KDD process includes data cleaning, data integration, data
selection, transformation, data mining, pattern evaluation, and
knowledge presentation
 Mining can be performed in a variety of information repositories
 Data mining functionalities: characterization, discrimination,
association, classification, clustering, outlier and trend analysis, etc.
 Data mining systems and architectures
 Major issues in data mining

Why Data Mining?—Potential Applications
 Data analysis and decision support

 Market analysis and management
 Target marketing, customer relationship management (CRM),
market basket analysis, cross selling, market segmentation
 Risk analysis and management
 Forecasting, customer retention, improved underwriting,
quality control, competitive analysis
 Fraud detection and detection of unusual patterns (outliers)
 Other Applications
 Text mining (news group, email, documents) and Web mining
 Stream data mining
 Bioinformatics and bio-data analysis

Relational Databases
 A relational database is a collection of tables, each
of which is assigned a unique name.
 Each table consists of a set of attributes (columns

or fields) and usually stores a large set of tuples
(records or rows).
 Each tuple in a relational table represents a object

identified by a unique key and described by a set
of attribute values.

 A semantic data model, such as the entity-
relationship data model, is often constructed for
relational databases.
 An ER data model represents the database as a

set of entities and their relationships.

An example
 The relational database of the AllElectronics
company has four relational tables: customer,
item, employee and branch.
 The relation customer consists of a set of

attributes, including a unique customer_ID,
customer name, address, age, occupation, annual
income, etc.
 Similarly, the other three relations have their

attributes.

 Relational data can be accessed by database
queries written in a relational language such as
SQL.
 A given query is transformed into a set of

relational operations such as join, selection and
projection, and is then optimized for efficient
processing.
 Efficiency of retrieval, efficiency of update and

integrity are the key requirements of a good
relational database.

Examples of queries
 Show me a list of all items that were sold in the
last quarter
 Show me the total sales of the last month,

grouped by branch
 Which sales person has the highest amount of

sales?
 How many sales transactions occurred in the

month of September?

Purpose of relational databases
 The main purpose of a relational database is to
store data correctly and retrieve data on demand.
 This type of data processing is sometime called

Online Transaction Processing (OLTP).
 Relational databases are passive data repositories

in the sense that a query only shows you what is
stored in the database, but cannot tell you much
about the meaning or trend of the data.

Aim of this unit
 The aim of this unit is to discuss techniques that
gives insight into data stored in a database.
 We want to analyze trends, correlations,
associations, classifications and derivation of
knowlwedge from data.
 We will discuss data warehousing, Online
Analytical Processing (OLAP), machine learning,
clustering and other data mining techniques.
 We will assume that the data come from an
underlying database that (perhaps) uses relational
database technology.
Ex. 1: Market Analysis and Management
 Where does the data come from?—Credit card transactions, loyalty cards,
discount coupons, customer complaint calls, plus (public) lifestyle studies
 Target marketing
 Find clusters of “model” customers who share the same characteristics: interest,
income level, spending habits, etc.
 Determine customer purchasing patterns over time
 Cross-market analysis—Find associations/co-relations between product sales, &
predict based on such association
 Customer profiling—What types of customers buy what products (clustering or
classification)
 Customer requirement analysis
 Identify the best products for different groups of customers
 Predict what factors will attract new customers
 Provision of summary information
 Multidimensional summary reports
 Statistical summary information (data central tendency and variation)

Ex. 2: Corporate Analysis & Risk Management
 Finance planning and asset evaluation

 cash flow analysis and prediction
 contingent claim analysis to evaluate assets
 cross-sectional and time series analysis (financial-ratio, trend
analysis, etc.)
 Resource planning
 summarize and compare the resources and spending
 Competition
 monitor competitors and market directions
 group customers into classes and a class-based pricing procedure
 set pricing strategy in a highly competitive market

Ex. 3: Fraud Detection & Mining Unusual Patterns
 Approaches: Clustering & model construction for frauds, outlier analysis

 Applications: Health care, retail, credit card service, telecomm.
 Money laundering: suspicious monetary transactions
 Medical insurance
 Professional patients, ring of doctors, and ring of references
 Unnecessary or correlated screening tests
 Telecommunications: phone-call fraud
 Phone call model: destination of the call, duration, time of day or
week. Analyze patterns that deviate from an expected norm
 Retail industry
 Analysts estimate that 38% of retail shrink is due to dishonest
employees
 Anti-terrorism

KDD Process: Several Key Steps
 Learning the application domain
 relevant prior knowledge and goals of application
 Creating a target data set: data selection
 Data cleaning and preprocessing: (may take 60% of effort!)
 Data reduction and transformation
 Find useful features, dimensionality/variable reduction, invariant
representation
 Choosing functions of data mining
 summarization, classification, regression, association, clustering
 Choosing the mining algorithm(s)
 Data mining: search for patterns of interest
 Pattern evaluation and knowledge presentation
 visualization, transformation, removing redundant patterns, etc.
 Use of discovered knowledge
Are All the “Discovered” Patterns Interesting?
 Data mining may generate thousands of patterns: Not all of them

are interesting
 Suggested approach: Human-centered, query-based, focused mining
 Interestingness measures
 A pattern is interesting if it is easily understood by humans, valid on new
or test data with some degree of certainty, potentially useful, novel, or
validates some hypothesis that a user seeks to confirm
 Objective vs. subjective interestingness measures
 Objective: based on statistics and structures of patterns, e.g., support,
confidence, etc.
 Subjective: based on user’s belief in the data, e.g., unexpectedness,
novelty, actionability, etc.

Find All and Only Interesting Patterns?
 Find all the interesting patterns: Completeness

 Can a data mining system find all the interesting patterns? Do we
need to find all of the interesting patterns?
 Heuristic vs. exhaustive search
 Association vs. classification vs. clustering
 Search for only interesting patterns: An optimization problem
 Can a data mining system find only the interesting patterns?
 Approaches
 First general all the patterns and then filter out the uninteresting
ones
 Generate only the interesting patterns—mining query
optimization
Other Pattern Mining Issues
 Precise patterns vs. approximate patterns
 Association and correlation mining: possible find sets of precise
patterns
 But approximate patterns can be more compact and sufficient
 How to find high quality approximate patterns??
 Gene sequence mining: approximate patterns are inherent
 How to derive efficient approximate pattern mining
algorithms??
 Constrained vs. non-constrained patterns
 Why constraint-based mining?
 What are the possible kinds of constraints? How to push
constraints into the mining process?

Why Data Mining Query Language?
 Automated vs. query-driven?

 Finding all the patterns autonomously in a database?—unrealistic
because the patterns could be too many but uninteresting
 Data mining should be an interactive process
 User directs what to be mined
 Users must be provided with a set of primitives to be used to
communicate with the data mining system
 Incorporating these primitives in a data mining query language
 More flexible user interaction
 Foundation for design of graphical user interface
 Standardization of data mining industry and practice

Primitives that Define a Data Mining Task
 Task-relevant data
 Database or data warehouse name
 Database tables or data warehouse cubes
 Condition for data selection
 Relevant attributes or dimensions
 Data grouping criteria
 Type of knowledge to be mined
 Characterization, discrimination, association, classification,
prediction, clustering, outlier analysis, other data mining tasks
 Background knowledge
 Pattern interestingness measurements
 Visualization/presentation of discovered patterns
Primitive 3: Background Knowledge
 A typical kind of background knowledge: Concept hierarchies

 Schema hierarchy
 E.g., street < city < province_or_state < country
 Set-grouping hierarchy
 E.g., {20-39} = young, {40-59} = middle_aged
 Operation-derived hierarchy
 email address: [email protected]
login-name < department < university < country
 Rule-based hierarchy
 low_profit_margin (X) <= price(X, P1) and cost (X, P2) and (P1 -
P2) < $50

Primitive 4: Pattern Interestingness Measure
 Simplicity
e.g., (association) rule length, (decision) tree size
 Certainty
e.g., confidence, P(A|B) = #(A and B)/ #(B), classification
reliability or accuracy, certainty factor, rule strength, rule quality,
discriminating weight, etc.
 Utility
potential usefulness, e.g., support (association), noise threshold
(description)
 Novelty
not previously known, surprising (used to remove redundant
rules)

Primitive 5: Presentation of Discovered Patterns
 Different backgrounds/usages may require different forms of

representation
 E.g., rules, tables, crosstabs, pie/bar chart, etc.
 Concept hierarchy is also important
 Discovered knowledge might be more understandable when
represented at high level of abstraction
 Interactive drill up/down, pivoting, slicing and dicing provide
different perspectives to data
 Different kinds of knowledge require different representation:
association, classification, clustering, etc.

DMQL—A Data Mining Query Language
 Motivation
 A DMQL can provide the ability to support ad-hoc and
interactive data mining
 By providing a standardized language like SQL
 Hope to achieve a similar effect like that SQL has on
relational database
 Foundation for system development and evolution
 Facilitate information exchange, technology transfer,
commercialization and wide acceptance
 Design
 DMQL is designed with the primitives described earlier

An Example Query in DMQL

Other Data Mining Languages &
Standardization Efforts
 Association rule language specifications
 MSQL (Imielinski & Virmani’99)
 MineRule (Meo Psaila and Ceri’96)
 Query flocks based on Datalog syntax (Tsur et al’98)
 OLEDB for DM (Microsoft’2000) and recently DMX (Microsoft
SQLServer 2005)
 Based on OLE, OLE DB, OLE DB for OLAP, C#
 Integrating DBMS, data warehouse and data mining
 DMML (Data Mining Mark-up Language) by DMG (www.dmg.org)
 Providing a platform and process structure for effective data mining
 Emphasizing on deploying data mining technology to solve business
problems

Integration of Data Mining and Data Warehousing
 Data mining systems, DBMS, Data warehouse systems

coupling
 No coupling, loose-coupling, semi-tight-coupling, tight-coupling
 On-line analytical mining data
 integration of mining and OLAP technologies
 Interactive mining multi-level knowledge
 Necessity of mining knowledge and patterns at different levels of
abstraction by drilling/rolling, pivoting, slicing/dicing, etc.
 Integration of multiple mining functions
 Characterized classification, first clustering and then association

Coupling Data Mining with DB/DW Systems
 No coupling—flat file processing, not recommended

 Loose coupling
 Fetching data from DB/DW
 Semi-tight coupling—enhanced DM performance
 Provide efficient implement a few data mining primitives in a
DB/DW system, e.g., sorting, indexing, aggregation, histogram
analysis, multiway join, precomputation of some stat functions
 Tight coupling—A uniform information processing
environment
 DM is smoothly integrated into a DB/DW system, mining query is
optimized based on mining query, indexing, query processing
methods, etc.
Architecture: Typical Data Mining System
Graphical User Interface
Pattern Evaluation
Knowl
Data Mining Engine edge-
Base
Database or Data
Warehouse Server
data cleaning, integration, and selection
Data World-Wide Other Info

Database Repositories
Warehouse Web

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CITS4243: Advanced Databases

 Lecturer : Amitava Datta

 Office hours: Anytime,

 Unit web page:

December 8, 2021 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 1

The project/paper will consist of two parts:

 An analysis of a business scenario through an

December 8, 2021 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 2

 The book is available from google books preview,

 I will use lecture slides from this book. However,

December 8, 2021 Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques 3

 The site for lecture slides will be ready by early

 I will keep both the original slides and my

 Motivation: Why data mining?

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 The Explosive Growth of Data: from terabytes to petabytes

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 Data mining (knowledge discovery from data)

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 Data mining—core of Pattern Evaluation

Data Presentation Business

Data Preprocessing/Integration, Data Warehouses

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cluster houses to find distribution patterns

 Trend and evolution analysis

 Sequential pattern mining: e.g., digital camera  large SD memory

 Other pattern-directed or statistical analyses

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 1989 IJCAI Workshop on Knowledge Discovery in Databases

 KDD Conferences  Other related conferences

 Data mining and KDD (SIGKDD: CDROM)

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 Data mining: Discovering interesting patterns from large amounts of

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 Data analysis and decision support

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 Each table consists of a set of attributes (columns

 Each tuple in a relational table represents a object

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 An ER data model represents the database as a

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 The relation customer consists of a set of

 Similarly, the other three relations have their

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 A given query is transformed into a set of

 Efficiency of retrieval, efficiency of update and

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 Show me the total sales of the last month,

 Which sales person has the highest amount of

 How many sales transactions occurred in the

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