The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus Example

T2
800 MVA
1 T1 5 4 345/15 kV 3 520 MVA
Line 3
345
50kV
mi
400 MVA 800 MVA
15 kV 15 kV
400 MVA 345 kV 40 Mvar 80 MW
Line 2

Line 1
345 kV
15/345 kV 100 mi 200 mi

2
280 Mvar 800 MW

Single-line diagram

1
 The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus Example
V  PG QG PL QL QGmax QGmin
Bus Type per degrees per per per per per per
unit unit unit unit unit unit unit
Table 1. 1 Swing 1.0 0   0 0  
Bus input
data 2 Load   0 0 8.0 2.8  
3 Constant 1.05  5.2  0.8 0.4 4.0 -2.8
voltage
4 Load   0 0 0 0  
5 Load   0 0 0 0  

Maximum
R’ X’ G’ B’ MVA
Table 2. Bus-to- per unit per unit per unit per unit per unit
Line input data Bus
2-4 0.0090 0.100 0 1.72 12.0
2-5 0.0045 0.050 0 0.88 12.0
4-5 0.00225 0.025 0 0.44 12.0
2
 The N-R Power Flow: 5-bus Example

Maximum
R X Gc Bm Maximum TAP
per per per per MVA Setting
Table 3. Bus-to- unit unit per unit per unit
unit unit
Transformer Bus
input data
1-5 0.00150 0.02 0 0 6.0 —
3-4 0.00075 0.01 0 0 10.0 —

Bus Input Data Unknowns

1 V1 = 1.0, 1 = 0 P1, Q1
2 P2 = PG2-PL2 = -8 V 2,  2
Table 4. Input data Q2 = QG2-QL2 = -2.8
and unknowns 3 V3 = 1.05 Q3, 3
P3 = PG3-PL3 = 4.4
4 P4 = 0, Q4 = 0 V 4,  4
5 P5 = 0, Q5 = 0 V 5,  5
3
 Time to Close the Hood: Let the
Computer Do the Math! (Ybus Shown)

4
 Ybus Details
Elements of Ybus connected to bus 2
Y21  Y23  0
1 1
Y24    0.89276  j 9.91964 per unit
R24  jX 24 0.009  j 0.1
' '

1 1
Y25    1.78552  j19.83932 per unit
R25  jX 25 0.0045  j 0.05
' '

' '
1 1 B24 B25
Y22  '  ' j j
R24  jX 24 R25  jX 25
' '
2 2
1.72 0.88
 (0.89276  j 9.91964)  (1.78552  j19.83932)  j j
2 2
 2.67828  j 28.4590  28.5847  84.624 per unit
5
Here are the Initial Bus Mismatches

6
And the Initial Power Flow Jacobian

7
 And the Hand Calculation Details!

P2 (0)  P2  P2 ( x)  P2  V2 (0){Y21V1 cos[ 2 (0)   1 (0)   21 ]

 Y22V2 cos[ 22 ]  Y23V3 cos[ 2 (0)   3 (0)   23 ]
 Y24V4 cos[ 2 (0)   4 (0)   24 ]
 Y25V5 cos[ 2 (0)   5 (0)   25 ]}
 8.0  1.0{28.5847(1.0) cos(84.624)
 9.95972(1.0) cos(95.143)
 19.9159(1.0) cos(95.143)}
 8.0  (2.89 104 )  7.99972 per unit

J 124 (0)  V2 (0)Y24V4 (0) sin[ 2 (0)   4 (0)   24 ]

 (1.0)(9.95972)(1.0) sin[95.143]
 9.91964 per unit
8
 Five Bus Power System Solved

One Five Four Three

A A

MVA MVA

395 MW A
520 MW
MVA

114 Mvar slack

337 Mvar

1.000 pu 0.974 pu A A
1.019 pu 80 MW
0.000 Deg -4.548 Deg MVA MVA
-2.834 Deg 40 Mvar
1.050 pu
-0.597 Deg

0.834 pu Two
-22.406 Deg

800 MW
280 Mvar

9
37 Bus Example Design Case
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
A
SL A C K 3 4 5
MVA
A

MVA

2 2 0 MW
1 .0 3 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck
5 2 M var

1 .0 2 pu
System Losses: 10.70 MW A

MVA
A

MVA SL A C K 1 3 8
A

MVA
T IM 3 4 5
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A A
A
1 .0 3 pu
MVA MVA

T IM 1 3 8 3 3 MW A MVA

1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 3 pu
1 3 M var MVA
1 5 .9 M var 1 8 MW
A 1 .0 2 pu RA Y 6 9
A 5 M var 3 7 MW
MVA A
1 7 MW A
MVA
P A I6 9 1 3 M var
1 .0 1 pu MVA 3 M var MVA
1 .0 2 pu T IM 6 9
A 1 .0 1 pu GRO SS6 9 A

2 3 MW
MVA
MVA
FERNA 6 9
7 M var A
1 .0 1 pu WO L EN6 9
A A
1 2 MW
H ISK Y 6 9
MVA
3 M var
MVA MVA P ET E6 9 A
A
A
4 .9 M var
M O RO 1 3 8 MVA
5 8 MW A MVA

3 9 MW MVA
4 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu MVA
1 3 M var 1 .0 0 pu BO B 1 3 8
12 MW
A

H A NNA H 6 9 2 8 .9 M var DEM A R6 9 A A

5 M var 6 0 MW
MVA

MVA MVA
1 9 M var
1 .0 0 pu 20 MW
1 .0 0 pu
A
1 .0 2 pu B O B6 9
1 2 M var
0 .9 9 pu 1 4 .2 M var UIUC 6 9 MVA
1 .0 0 pu
1 2 .8 M var 1 2 4 MW 5 6 MW
KYLE69 A A

4 5 M var
A
MVA MVA 1 3 M var L Y NN1 3 8
1 6 MW
MVA
A -1 4 M var
2 5 MW A A
MVA 14 MW
3 6 M var BL T 1 3 8
A M A NDA 6 9
MVA
1 .0 0 pu MVA 4 M var
A
0 .9 9 pu A A

MVA 2 5 MW MVA MVA SH IM KO 6 9 1 .0 2 pu

A
H O M ER6 9 1 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu A 7 .4 M var
B LT 6 9 MVA
A
1 .0 1 pu MVA
A
MVA 1 5 MW
2 0 MW
H A L E6 9 5 5 MW 5 M var
3 M var MVA A

2 5 M var A

1 .0 0 pu MVA

36 MW
MVA

A
A A
1 .0 1 pu
6 0 MW MVA 1 0 M var 7 .3 M var MVA
A
A

MVA
1 2 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA

0 .0 M var A
MVA

4 5 MW 14 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
1 .0 1 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
L A UF6 9 2 M var
1 .0 2 pu
23 MW
2 2 MW 1 0 MW
A A
6 M var 1 4 MW A

2 0 MW 1 5 M var 5 M var
MVA MVA 3 M var MVA
2 8 M var
1 .0 2 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
L A UF1 3 8 1 .0 2 pu SA V O Y 6 9 3 8 MW
1 .0 0 pu
3 M var
1 .0 1 pu B UC K Y 1 3 8 A

A MVA A

1 5 0 MW
MVA 1 .0 1 pu SA V O Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
0 M var
MVA MVA

1 5 0 MW
A
0 M var
MVA
1 .0 3 pu
1 .0 2 pu A

MVA

This is Design Case 2 From Chapter 6

10
 Good Power System Operation
• Good power system operation requires that there be no reliability
violations for either the current condition or in the event of
statistically likely contingencies
• Reliability requires as a minimum that there be no transmission
line/transformer limit violations and that bus voltages be within
acceptable limits (perhaps 0.95 to 1.08)
• Example contingencies are the loss of any single device. This is known
as n-1 reliability.
• North American Electric Reliability Corporation now has legal
authority to enforce reliability standards (and there are now lots
of them). See
http://www.nerc.com for details (click on Standards)

11
Looking at the Impact of Line Outages
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
A
SL A C K 3 4 5
MVA
A

MVA

227 MW
1 .0 3 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck 4 3 M var

1 .0 2 pu
System Losses: 17.61 MW A

MVA
A

MVA SL A C K1 3 8
A

MVA
T IM 3 4 5
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A A
A
1 .0 3 pu
MVA MVA
MVA
T IM 1 3 8 33 MW A

1 .0 1 pu 1 .0 3 pu
1 3 M var MVA
1 6 .0 M var 18 MW
A 1 .0 2 pu RA Y 6 9
A 5 M var 3 7 MW
MVA
A
17 MW A
MVA
P A I6 9 1 3 M var
1 .0 1 pu MVA 3 M var MVA
1 .0 2 pu T IM 6 9
A 1 .0 1 pu GRO SS6 9 A

2 3 MW
MVA
MVA
FERNA 6 9
7 M var A
1 .0 1 pu WO L EN6 9
A A
1 2 MW
MVA
H ISK Y 6 9 3 M var
MVA MVA
P ET E6 9 A
A
4 .9 M var
M O RO 1 3 8 58 MW A MVA

39 MW MVA
4 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu MVA
1 3 M var 1 .0 0 pu BO B1 3 8 A
1 2 MW H A NNA H 6 9 2 8 .9 M var DEM A R6 9 A A
5 M var 6 0 MW
MVA

MVA MVA
1 9 M var
1 .0 0 pu 2 0 MW
1 .0 0 pu
A
1 .0 2 pu BOB6 9
1 2 M var
0 .9 0 pu 1 1 .6 M var UIUC 6 9 MVA
1 .0 0 pu
1 2 .8 M var 1 2 4 MW 5 6 MW
KYLE69 A A

4 5 M var
A
MVA MVA 1 3 M var LY NN1 3 8
16 MW
MVA
A -1 4 M var
25 MW A
A
MVA 1 4 MW
3 6 M var BLT 1 3 8
A M A NDA 6 9
MVA
1 .0 0 pu MVA 4 M var
A 0 .9 0 pu A
A

110% 2 5 MW MVA MVA SH IM K O 6 9 1 .0 2 pu

MVA A
H O M ER6 9 1 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu A 7 .3 M var
BL T 6 9 MVA
A
1 .0 1 pu MVA
A
1 5 MW
135%
MVA
2 0 MW
H A L E6 9 5 5 MW 5 M var
3 M var MVA
A

3 2 M var A

0 .9 4 pu MVA
MVA

A
A
3 6 MW A
1 .0 1 pu
60 MW MVA 1 0 M var 7 .2 M var MVA
A
A

MVA
1 2 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA

0 .0 M var A
MVA

45 MW 1 4 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
1 .0 0 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
L A UF6 9 2 M var
1 .0 1 pu
2 3 MW
A 2 2 MW 1 0 MW
A
6 M var 1 4 MW A

2 0 MW 80% 1 5 M var 5 M var

MVA 3 M var MVA
4 0 M var MVA
1 .0 2 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
L A UF1 3 8 1 .0 1 pu SA VO Y 6 9 3 8 MW
0 .9 9 pu
9 M var
1 .0 0 pu BUC KY 1 3 8 A

A MVA A

150 MW
MVA 1 .0 1 pu SA VO Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
4 M var
MVA MVA

150 MW
A
4 M var
MVA
1 .0 3 pu
1 .0 2 pu A

MVA

Opening one line (Tim69-Hannah69) causes an overload.

This would not be allowed 12
Contingency Analysis

Contingency
analysis provides
an automatic
way of looking
at all the
statistically
likely
contingencies. In
this example the
contingency set
Is all the single
line/transformer
outages
13
 Power Flow And Design
• One common usage of the power flow is to determine
how the system should be modified to remove
contingencies problems or serve new load
• In an operational context this requires working with the
existing electric grid
• In a planning context additions to the grid can be considered
• In the next example we look at how to remove the
existing contingency violations while serving new load.

14
 An Unreliable Solution
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
A
SL A C K 3 4 5
MVA
A

MVA

269 MW
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck 6 7 M var

1 .0 2 pu
System Losses: 14.49 MW A

MVA
A

MVA SL A C K1 3 8
A

MVA
T IM 3 4 5
1 .0 1 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A A
A
1 .0 3 pu
MVA MVA
MVA
T IM 1 3 8 33 MW A

0 .9 9 pu 1 .0 2 pu
1 3 M var MVA
1 5 .9 M var 18 MW
A 1 .0 2 pu RA Y 6 9
A 5 M var 3 7 MW
MVA
A
17 MW A
MVA
P A I6 9 1 3 M var
1 .0 1 pu MVA 3 M var MVA
1 .0 2 pu T IM 6 9
A 1 .0 1 pu GRO SS6 9 A

2 3 MW
MVA
MVA
FERNA 6 9
7 M var A
1 .0 1 pu WO L EN6 9
A A
1 2 MW
MVA
H ISK Y 6 9 3 M var
MVA A MVA
P ET E6 9 A
A
4 .9 M var
M O RO 1 3 8 96% 58 MW A MVA
MVA
39 MW MVA
4 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu MVA
1 3 M var 1 .0 0 pu BO B1 3 8 A
1 2 MW H A NNA H 6 9 2 8 .9 M var DEM A R6 9 A A
5 M var 6 0 MW
MVA

MVA MVA
1 9 M var
1 .0 0 pu 2 0 MW
1 .0 0 pu
A
1 .0 2 pu BOB6 9
1 2 M var
0 .9 7 pu 1 3 .6 M var UIUC 6 9 MVA
1 .0 0 pu
1 2 .8 M var 1 2 4 MW 5 6 MW
KYLE69 A A

4 5 M var
A
MVA MVA 1 3 M var LY NN1 3 8
16 MW
MVA
A -1 4 M var
25 MW A
A
MVA 1 4 MW
3 6 M var BLT 1 3 8
MVA
1 .0 0 pu MVA 4 M var
A 0 .9 7 pu A
A

MVA 2 5 MW MVA MVA SH IM K O 6 9 1 .0 2 pu

A
H O M ER6 9 1 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu A 7 .4 M var
A M A NDA 6 9 BL T 6 9 MVA
A
1 .0 1 pu MVA
A
MVA 1 5 MW
2 0 MW
H A L E6 9 5 5 MW 5 M var
3 M var MVA A

2 8 M var A

0 .9 9 pu MVA
MVA

A
A
3 6 MW A
1 .0 1 pu
60 MW MVA 1 0 M var 7 .3 M var MVA
A
A

MVA
1 2 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA

0 .0 M var A
MVA

45 MW 1 4 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
1 .0 1 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
L A UF6 9 2 M var
1 .0 2 pu
2 3 MW
2 2 MW 1 0 MW
A A
6 M var 1 4 MW A

2 0 MW 1 5 M var 5 M var
MVA MVA 3 M var MVA
4 0 M var
1 .0 2 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
L A UF1 3 8 1 .0 2 pu SA VO Y 6 9 3 8 MW
1 .0 0 pu
4 M var
1 .0 1 pu BUC KY 1 3 8 A

A MVA A

150 MW
MVA 1 .0 1 pu SA VO Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
1 M var
MVA MVA

150 MW
A
1 M var
MVA
1 .0 3 pu
1 .0 2 pu A

MVA

Case now has nine separate contingencies with reliability

violations 15
 A Reliable Solution
Metropolis Light and Power Electric Design Case 2
A
SL A C K 3 4 5
MVA
A

MVA

2 6 6 MW
1 .0 2 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck
5 9 M var

1 .0 2 pu
System Losses: 11.66 MW A A

SL A C K 1 3 8
A

T IM 3 4 5
MVA MVA MVA

1 .0 1 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A A
A
1 .0 3 pu
MVA MVA
MVA
T IM 1 3 8 3 3 MW A

1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 3 pu
1 3 M var MVA
1 5 .8 M var 1 8 MW
A 1 .0 2 pu RA Y 6 9
A
5 M var 3 7 MW
MVA
A
1 7 MW A
MVA
P A I6 9 1 3 M var
1 .0 1 pu MVA 3 M var MVA
1 .0 2 pu T IM 6 9
A 1 .0 1 pu GRO SS6 9 A

23 MW
MVA
MVA
FERNA 6 9
7 M var A
1 .0 1 pu WO L EN6 9
A A
1 2 MW
MVA
H ISKY 6 9 3 M var
MVA MVA P ET E6 9 A
A
A
4 .9 M var
M O RO 1 3 8 MVA
5 8 MW A MVA

3 9 MW MVA
4 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu MVA
1 3 M var 1 .0 0 pu BO B 1 3 8 A
1 2 MW H A NNA H 6 9 2 8 .9 M var DEM A R6 9 A A
5 M var 60 MW
MVA

MVA MVA
1 9 M var
Kyle138 20 MW
0 .9 9 pu
A
1 .0 2 pu BOB6 9
1 2 M var
0 .9 9 pu 1 4 .1 M var UIUC 6 9 MVA
A
1 .0 0 pu
1 2 .8 M var 1 2 4 MW 5 6 MW
M VA

KYLE69 A A

4 5 M var
A
MVA MVA 1 3 M var L Y NN1 3 8
1 6 MW
MVA
A -1 4 M var
2 5 MW A A
MVA 14 MW
3 6 M var BL T 1 3 8
MVA
1 .0 0 pu MVA 4 M var
A 0 .9 9 pu A
A

MVA 25 MW MVA MVA SH IM KO 6 9 1 .0 2 pu

A
H O M ER6 9 1 0 M var 1 .0 1 pu A 7 .4 M var
A M A NDA 6 9 BL T 6 9 MVA
A
1 .0 1 pu MVA
A
MVA 1 5 MW
2 0 MW
H A LE6 9 55 MW 5 M var
3 M var MVA A

2 9 M var A

1 .0 0 pu MVA
MVA

A
A
36 MW A
1 .0 1 pu
6 0 MW MVA 1 0 M var 7 .3 M var MVA
A
A

MVA
1 2 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA

0 .0 M var A
MVA

4 5 MW 1 4 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
1 .0 1 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
L A UF6 9 2 M var
1 .0 2 pu
23 MW
2 2 MW 1 0 MW
A A
6 M var 1 4 MW A

2 0 MW 1 5 M var 5 M var
MVA MVA 3 M var MVA
3 8 M var
1 .0 2 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
L A UF1 3 8 1 .0 2 pu SA VO Y 6 9 3 8 MW
1 .0 0 pu
4 M var
1 .0 1 pu B UC K Y 1 3 8 A

A MVA A

1 5 0 MW
MVA 1 .0 1 pu SA VO Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
1 M var
MVA MVA

1 5 0 MW
A
1 M var
MVA
1 .0 3 pu
1 .0 2 pu A

MVA

Previous case was augmented with the addition of a

138 kV Transmission Line 16
Generation Changes and The Slack Bus
• The power flow is a steady-state analysis tool, so the
assumption is total load plus losses is always equal to
total generation
• Generation mismatch is made up at the slack bus
• When doing generation change power flow studies one
always needs to be cognizant of where the generation is
being made up
• Common options include system slack, distributed across
multiple generators by participation factors or by economics

17
 Generation Change Example 1
A
SL A C K3 4 5
MVA
A

MVA

1 6 2 MW
0 .0 0 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck
3 5 M var
A A A

0 .0 0 pu MVA MVA SLA C K1 3 8 MVA

T IM 3 4 5
-0 .0 1 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A A
A
0 .0 0 pu
MVA MVA
T IM 1 3 8
0 .0 0 pu 0 MW
A MVA

0 .0 0 pu
0 M var MVA
A
A
-0 .1 M var 0 MW
-0 .0 1 pu RA Y 6 9
MVA
MVA 0 M var 0 MW
A
0 MW A

0 .0 0 pu T IM 6 9 P A I6 9 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu MVA 0 M var MVA
A

0 MW 0 .0 0 pu GRO SS6 9 A
A
0 M var
MVA

A
MVA
FERNA 6 9
MVA
0 .0 0 pu WO L EN6 9
A 0 MW
M O RO 1 3 8 MVA
H ISKY 6 9 0 M var
MVA A
A
-0 .1 M var
0 MW MVA
A MVA

0 M var 0 MW -0 .0 1 pu
MVA
0 M var A
-0 .0 3 pu BO B1 3 8
P ET E6 9 A

MVA DEM A R6 9 A A
0 .0 0 pu
H A NNA H 6 9 0 MW
MVA

0 MW 0 M var
MVA MVA

0 MW A
0 M var 0 .0 0 pu BO B6 9
0 M var
-0 .2 M var MVA
UIUC 6 9 0 .0 0 pu
-0 .1 M var
0 .0 0 pu A -1 5 7 M W 0 MW
-0 .1 M var
-4 5 M var
A
MVA 0 M var L Y NN1 3 8
A
0 MW
MVA
A 0 M var
MVA
A
MVA 0 MW A
0 MW
-0 .0 0 2 pu BL T 1 3 8
0 M var MVA -0 .0 3 pu MVA 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu A M A NDA 6 9 A
A

A
SH IM KO 6 9 0 .0 0 pu
H O M ER6 9 0 MW
MVA
A
MVA
MVA
0 .0 M var
0 M var 0 .0 0 pu A

BL T 6 9 MVA
A
-0 .0 1 pu MVA

0 MW A MVA
0 MW
0 M var H A L E6 9 A 0 MW 0 M var
MVA A
0 .0 0 pu 5 1 M var
MVA
MVA
A
A
0 MW A
0 .0 0 pu
0 MW MVA 0 M var 0 .0 M var MVA A
A

MVA
0 M var
0 .0 0 pu 0 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA

0 .0 M var A
MVA

0 MW 0 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
0 .0 0 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
L A UF6 9 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu
0 MW
0 MW 0 MW
A A
0 M var 0 MW A

0 MW 0 M var 0 M var
0 M var
4 M var MVA MVA MVA

0 .0 0 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
L A UF1 3 8 0 .0 0 pu SA VO Y 6 9 0 MW
0 .0 0 pu
3 M var
0 .0 0 pu B UC K Y 1 3 8 A

A MVA A

0 MW
MVA 0 .0 0 pu SA VO Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
2 M var
MVA MVA

0 MW
A
2 M var
MVA
0 .0 0 pu
0 .0 0 pu A

Display shows “Difference Flows” between original 37 bus case,

MVA

and case with a BLT138 generation outage;

note all the power change is picked up at the slack 18
 Generation Change Example 2
A
SL A C K3 4 5
MVA
A

MVA

0 MW
0 .0 0 pu RA Y 3 4 5
sla ck
3 7 M var
A A A

0 .0 0 pu MVA MVA SLA C K1 3 8 MVA

T IM 3 4 5
-0 .0 1 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A A
A
0 .0 0 pu
MVA MVA
T IM 1 3 8
0 .0 0 pu 0 MW
A MVA

0 .0 0 pu
0 M var MVA
A
A
-0 .1 M var 0 MW
0 .0 0 pu RA Y 6 9
MVA
MVA 0 M var 0 MW
A
0 MW A

0 .0 0 pu T IM 6 9 P A I6 9 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu MVA 0 M var MVA
A

0 MW 0 .0 0 pu GRO SS6 9 A
A
0 M var
MVA

A
MVA
FERNA 6 9
MVA
0 .0 0 pu WO L EN6 9
A 0 MW
M O RO 1 3 8 MVA
H ISKY 6 9 0 M var
MVA A
A
0 .0 M var
0 MW MVA
A MVA

0 M var 0 MW 0 .0 0 pu
MVA
0 M var A
-0 .0 3 pu BO B1 3 8
P ET E6 9 A

MVA DEM A R6 9 A A
0 .0 0 pu
H A NNA H 6 9 0 MW
MVA

0 MW 0 M var
MVA MVA

0 MW A
0 M var 0 .0 0 pu BO B6 9
0 M var
-0 .2 M var MVA
UIUC 6 9 0 .0 0 pu
-0 .1 M var
0 .0 0 pu A -1 5 7 M W 0 MW
-0 .1 M var
-4 5 M var
A
MVA 0 M var L Y NN1 3 8
A
0 MW
MVA
A 0 M var
MVA
A
MVA 0 MW A
0 MW
-0 .0 0 3 pu BL T 1 3 8
0 M var MVA -0 .0 3 pu MVA 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu A M A NDA 6 9 A
A

A
SH IM KO 6 9 0 .0 0 pu
H O M ER6 9 0 MW
MVA
A
MVA
MVA
-0 .1 M var
0 M var -0 .0 1 pu A

BL T 6 9 MVA
A
-0 .0 1 pu MVA

0 MW A MVA
0 MW
0 M var H A L E6 9 A 1 9 MW 0 M var
MVA A
0 .0 0 pu 5 1 M var
MVA
MVA
A
A
0 MW A
0 .0 0 pu
0 MW MVA 0 M var 0 .0 M var MVA A
A

MVA
0 M var
0 .0 0 pu 0 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA

0 .0 M var A
MVA

0 MW 0 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
0 .0 0 pu WEBER6 9 0 M var
L A UF6 9 0 M var
0 .0 0 pu
0 MW
0 MW 0 MW
A A
0 M var 0 MW A

99 MW 0 M var 0 M var
0 M var
-2 0 M var MVA MVA MVA

0 .0 0 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
L A UF1 3 8 0 .0 0 pu SA VO Y 6 9 4 2 MW
0 .0 0 pu
-1 4 M var
0 .0 0 pu B UC K Y 1 3 8 A

A MVA A

0 MW
MVA 0 .0 0 pu SA VO Y 1 3 8 MVA
A A
0 M var
MVA MVA

0 MW
A
0 M var
MVA
0 .0 0 pu
0 .0 0 pu A

Display repeats previous case except now the change in

MVA

generation is picked up by other generators using a

participation factor approach 19
Voltage Regulation Example: 37 Buses
A
SL A C K3 4 5
MVA
A

MVA

219 MW
1 .0 2 pu RA Y3 4 5
5 2 M var
System Losses: 11.51 MW A A A
sla ck

1 .0 2 pu MVA MVA SLA C K1 3 8 MVA

T IM 3 4 5
1 .0 1 pu RA Y 1 3 8
A
A

MVA
A
1 .0 3 pu
MVA
T IM1 38 MVA
1 .0 0 pu 3 3 MW A

1 .0 3 pu
1 3 M v ar MVA
A
A
1 5 .9 M var 1 8 MW
1 .0 2 pu RA Y6 9
MVA
MVA 5 M var 37 MW
A
17 MW A

1 .0 2 pu T IM6 9 P A I6 9 1 3 M var
1 .0 1 pu MVA 3 M var MVA
A

23 MW 1 .0 1 pu GRO SS6 9 A
A MVA
7 M var MVA
F ERNA 6 9
MVA
A
1 .0 1 pu WO LEN6 9
A 21 MW
M O RO 1 3 8 MVA

MVA
H ISKY 6 9 7 M var
A
A
4 .8 M var
1 2 MW MVA
A MVA

5 M var 2 0 MW 1 .0 0 pu MVA
8 M var A
1 .0 0 pu BO B 1 3 8
P ET E6 9 A

MVA DEM A R6 9
1 .0 0 pu A A
MVA
H A NNA H 6 9 5 8 MW
MVA MVA
51 MW 4 0 M var
45 MW
1 5 M var A
1 .0 2 pu BOB6 9
1 2 M var
2 9 .0 M v ar MVA
UIUC 6 9 0 .9 9 pu
1 4 .3 M var
1 .0 0 pu 157 MW 5 6 MW
1 2 .8 M v ar A

4 5 M var
A
MVA 1 3 M v ar LY NN1 3 8
A
0 MW
MVA A
A 0 M var
MVA A
MVA
MVA 5 8 MW A
1 4 MW
0 .9 9 7 pu BL T 1 3 8 MVA
3 6 M var MVA 1 .0 0 pu 4 M var
0 .9 9 pu A M A NDA 6 9 A
A

A
3 3 MW MVA SH IM KO 6 9 1 .0 2 pu
H O M ER6 9 MVA A
MVA
1 0 M v ar 0.0 Mvar 1 .0 1 pu
B LT 6 9
7 .4 M v ar
MVA
A 1 .0 1 pu
15 MW
3 M var
A

MVA
H A LE6 9
MVA

A 9 2 MW 1.010 pu 15 MW
5 M v ar
1 .0 0 pu 1 0 M var
MVA
A

A
A
3 6 MW A
1 .0 1 pu
6 0 MW MVA 1 0 M v ar 7 .2 M var MVA
MVA
A
A
MVA
1 2 M var
1 .0 0 pu 1 .0 0 pu P A T T EN6 9 MVA

2 0 .8 M var A
MVA

45 MW 14 MW RO GER6 9
MVA
1 .0 0 pu WEB ER6 9 0 M var
L A UF6 9 2 M v ar
1 .0 2 pu
2 3 MW
2 2 MW 0 MW
A A
6 M v ar 14 MW A

20 MW 1 5 M v ar 0 M var
MVA MVA 3 M v ar MVA
9 M v ar
1 .0 2 pu JO 1 3 8 JO 3 4 5
L A UF1 3 8 1 .0 2 pu SA VO Y6 9 3 8 MW
1 .0 0 pu
3 M v ar
1 .0 1 pu BUC KY1 3 8 A

A MVA A

150 MW
MVA 1 .0 1 pu SA VO Y1 3 8 MVA
A A
0 M var
MVA MVA

150 MW
A
0 M var
MVA
1 .0 3 pu
1 .0 2 pu A

MVA

Display shows voltage contour of the power system, demo

will show the impact of generator voltage set point,
reactive power limits, and switched capacitors 20
 Real-sized Power Flow Cases
• Real power flow studies are usually done with cases
with many thousands of buses
• Buses are usually group in to various balancing authority
areas, with each area doing its own interchange control
• Cases also model a variety of different automatic
control devices, such as generator reactive power limits,
load tap changing transformers, phase shifting
transformers, switched capacitors, HVDC transmission
lines, and (potentially) FACTS devices

21
Sparse Matrices and Large Systems
• Since for realistic power systems the model sizes are
quite large, this means the Ybus and Jacobian matrices
are also large.
• However, most elements in these matrices are zero,
therefore special techniques, known as sparse
matrix/vector methods, can be used to store the values
and solve the power flow
• Without these techniques large systems would be essentially
unsolvable.

22
 Eastern Interconnect Example
VIK 138
BIG BEN D

WH TWTR3
EEN 138 ST RITA

WH TWTR4 M UKWO N GO
SUN 138
TRIPP
WH TWTR5
UN IVRSTY
Raci ne
JAN 138

SGR CK4
UN IV N EU
LBT 138
SGR CK5

LAN 138 BRLGTN 2

SO M ERS

ALB 138

RO R 138

N LK GV T
BRLGTN 1

ALBERS- 2
Paddock
PO T 138 PARIS WE BAIN 4
N O M 138 M RE 138
TICH IGN
H LM 138
WIB 138
D AR 138
N LG 138
N ED 138
Pl easant Pr ai r i e
N WT 138
N ED 161 Kenosha
LIBERTY5
BCH 138
TRK RIV5 WBT 138
ELK 138
CASVILL5
BLK 138 CO R 138 D IK 138 LAKEVIEW

LEN A ; B
LEN A ; R
8TH ST. 5 Zi on
Ant i och Zi on (138 kV)

Rockford
LO RE 5
ELERO ; BT ELERO ; RT
ASBURY 5
SO . GVW. 5 Wempl eton M cHenr y
PECAT; B G urnee
Round Lake
Waukegan
CN TRGRV5
LAN CA; R

JULIAN 5 SALEM N 5

H arl em
Bel vi der e
M ar engo Woodstock Wi l son
Sal em FREEP; Roscoe

Lakehur st
P Val
GALEN A 5 Cr yst al Lake

Sand Park
Pi er pont
Li ber t yvi l l e Li ber t yvi l l e
345 kV 138 kV Nort h Chi cago
Hunt l ey Si l ver Lake
B465
FO RD A; R
Al gonqui n
S PEC; R E. Rockf or d
U. S. N Trai ni ng
Al pi ne Abbot t Labs Park
Lest hon
Char l es

B427 ;1T
Sabr ooke
Apt aki si c
Cherr y Val l ey O l d El m
Lake Zuri ch

Buf f al o G r oove

Barr i ngt on

Bl aw khaw k Wheel i ng
Deerf i el d
Pal at i ne
SAVAN N A5 D undee Prospect Hei ght s

Arl i ngt on Pr ospect Nort hbr ook

STILL; RT Hof f m an Est at es Hei ght s
M Q O KETA5
WYO M IN G5
C434
M ount Pr ospect
Tol l w ay
Schaum berg
M T VERN 5 El m w ood
PCI 5
Byron
Hanover S. Schaum berg
G ol f M i l l
Busse
Landm
BERTRAM 5
Skoki e
Spaul di ng
Bar t l et t
El gi n Des Pl ai nes Evanst on
Tonne

YO RK 5 Ni l es

How ard
M ARYL; B Devon
W ayne
Sout h El gi n Des Pl ai nes Hi ggi ns
I t asca
Al t G E Rose Hi l l
Nordi
G l endal e Nort hri dge
M i chi gan Ci t y
W est Chi cago
W 407 ( Fer m i ) Addi son Nor t hw est
Nat om a
-0. 40 deg
W . De Kal b Church -13. 4 deg
LEECO ;BP H 445 ;3B G l i dden
Fr ankl i n Park - 13. 3 deg
H 440 ; R Aur or a
El m hurst 2. 35 deg Dr i ver
Lom bard
Rockw el l
GR M N D 5 G al ew ood Cl ybour n
O ak Park

Rock Cr k. ALBAN Y 6
E CALM S5 G l en El l yn
M EN D O ; T Sugar Gr ove Berkel ey Congr ess Cr osby
O akbr ook
GARD E; D IXO N ;BT W at erm an N Aur ora
D EWITT 5 BVR CH 65 BVR CH 5 ALBAN Y 5 But t e O hi o Ki ngsbur y
Bel l w ood Cl i nt
H 71 ;BT Yor k Cent er
H 440 ; RT STEWA; B El ect ri c Junct i on
H 71 ; B Y450 Jeff erson
D ekov Tayl or
La G r ange
H 71 ; R STERL; B Ri dgel and Uni versi t y
Li sl e D unacr
H -471 (N W St eel )
M cCook Lasal l e
D799 Fi sk
Washi ngton Par k
Craw f or d -1. 1 deg
W ar r envi l l e H arbor
D775 Stat e Garf i el d
D ow ners Gr oove
Fr ontenac
Woodr i dge Saw yer Q uar r y
Ford Ci ty
Q uad Ci ti es Wol f Cr eek 0. 6 deg
W600 ( Napervi l l e) Cl ear ni ng
N el son Wi l l ow Chi ave
M ECCO RD 3 W604 Cal um et 1. 9 deg Babcock
H ayf or d
O sw ego Bedfor d Par k D am en
Bur r Ri dge St at e Li ne
Sandw i ch
Sayre
Wal l ace
Sub 91 W601 W603 Ri ver Shef i el d
Pl ano J307 Ever green
CO RD O ; N ELSO ; R Br i dgevi ew
Bol i ngbr ook Al si p
M ontgom er y Z- 494
W602
W i l l Co. Rober t s
Beverl y
R FAL; B R FAL; R Z-715 Lake George
N ELSO ; RT G3851 Z- 100
W507 Romeo G394 Tow er Rd
SB 79 5 O rl an
Pal os
SB 49 5 H egew i sch M unster
SBH YC5 G3852
Cr est w ood Wi l dw ood Z- 524
Ar cher
SB UIC 5 M endot a Pl ai nfi el d Bur nham
SB 74 5
D avenpor t SB 90 5 SB 17 5 Lockpor t
J- 332 Bl ue Isl and
Wal cott SUB 77 5 Bel l Road Goodi ngs Grove
SB 71 5
Sub 92
D AVN PRT5 Gr een Lake
N O RM A; R N O RM A; B
Kenda Gr een Acr es
SB 78 5 H i l l cr est Rockdal e Ti nl ey Park
J322
SB 76 5 South H ol l and
SB 89 5 Sand Ri dge

SB 88 5 Jo456
H ar vey

J323
Shor e Jol i et Lansi ng
IPSCO 3
SB 58 5 J370
SB JIC 5 Gl enw ood
IPSCO 5 SB 70 5 Chi cago H ei ghts
Br i gg F- 503
J- 371 M oken
SB A 5
J- 326
F- 575
East Frankf or t
J- 390 Fr ankfor t Count ry Cl ub H i l l s
SB 28 5
SB 52 5 J-375 El w ood
M at t eson Park Forest
N Len
PRIN C TP J-339 Bl oom
SB 48 5 SB 47 5 SB 31T 5 U. Par k Woodhi l l
St . John
J- 305

SB 53 5 PRIN CTN Upnor

Goose Lake
SB 85 5 LTV STL
E M O LIN E KEWAN IP
Col l i ns
LTV TP E Wi l t on Cent er Cr et e
LTV TP N D r esden
M ason
East M ol i ne
KEWAN ; ESK TAP Schahfer
SB 18 5 SB 43 5
S ST TAP
B B
H EN N E; T

105%
93%
H EN N EPIN
SB 112 5 Kendr a

1556A TP
O TTAWA T

MVA MVA N LASAL

O GLES; T O GLESBY La Sal l e

Lasal l e
M arsei l l es
O GLSBY M Wi l m i ngton

K- 319 # 1
Loui sa

D avi s Creek K- 319 # 2

KPECKTP5

WEST 5 Br adl ey

SO . SUB 5 St reator
Brai dw ood

9 SUB 5
H WY61 5

M IN O N K T

GALESBR5

Kankakee
GALESBRG

RICH LAN D
N EWPO RT5
M O N M O UTH

SPN G BAY

Ponti ac M i dpoi nt

D equi ne
M PWSPLIT

H ALLO CK
ELPASO T

Peoria
WATSEKA 17GO D LN D

GILM AN

FARGO
CAT M O SS

RSW EAST
RAD N O R

CAT SUB1

Example, which models the Eastern Interconnect

PIO N EERC E PEO RIA
CAT TAP

contains about 43,000 buses. 23

Solution Log for 1200 MW Gen Outage
In this example we
simulated the loss
of a 1200 MW
generator in Northern
Illinois. This caused
a generation imbalance
in the associated
balancing authority
area, which was
corrected by a
redispatch of local
generation.

24
“DC” Power Flow

 The “DC” power flow makes the most severe

approximations:
– completely ignore reactive power, assume all the voltages are
always 1.0 per unit, ignore line conductance
 This makes the power flow a linear set of equations,
which can be solved directly

θ  B 1 P

25
Power System Control

 A major problem with power system operation is the

limited capacity of the transmission system
– lines/transformers have limits (usually thermal)
– no direct way of controlling flow down a transmission line
(e.g., there are no valves to close to limit flow)
– open transmission system access associated with industry
restructuring is stressing the system in new ways
 We need to indirectly control transmission line flow by
changing the generator outputs

26
DC Power Flow Example

27
 DC Power Flow 5 Bus Example

One Five Four Three

A A

MVA MVA

360 MW A
520 MW
0 Mvar
MVA

0 Mvar
slack

1.000 pu 1.000 pu A A
1.000 pu 80 MW
0.000 Deg -4.125 Deg MVA MVA
-1.997 Deg 0 Mvar
1.000 pu
0.524 Deg

1.000 pu Two
-18.695 Deg

800 MW
0 Mvar

Notice with the dc power flow all of the voltage magnitudes are
1 per unit. 28
Indirect Transmission Line Control

What we would like to determine is how a change in

generation at bus k affects the power flow on a line
from bus i to bus j.
The assumption is
that the change
in generation is
absorbed by the
slack bus

29
Power Flow Simulation - Before

One way to determine the impact of a generator change is to compare a before/after

power flow.
For example below is a three bus case with an overload

131.9 MW

124%

One Two

200.0 MW 68.1 MW 200 MW

68.1 MW 100 MVR
71.0 MVR

Z for all lines = j0.1

Three 1.000 pu

0 MW
64 MVR

30
Power Flow Simulation - After
Increasing the generation at bus 3 by 95 MW (and hence
decreasing it at bus 1 by a corresponding amount), results
in a 31.3 drop in the MW flow on the line from bus 1 to 2.
101.6 MW

100%

One Two

105.0 MW 3.4 MW 200 MW

98.4 MW 100 MVR
64.3 MVR
92%
Z for all lines = j0.1
Limit for all lines = 150 MVA
1.000 pu
Three
95 MW
64 MVR

31
Analytic Calculation of Sensitivities

 Calculating control sensitivities by repeat power

flow solutions is tedious and would require many
power flow solutions. An alternative approach is to
analytically calculate these values
The power flow from bus i to bus j is
Vi V j i   j
Pij  sin( i   j ) 
X ij X ij
 i   j  ij
So Pij  We just need to get
X ij PGk
32
Analytic Sensitivities

From the fast decoupled power flow we know

θ  B 1P (x)
So to get the change in θ due to a change of
generation at bus k, just set P( x) equal to
all zeros except a minus one at position k.
0
 
 
P   1  Bus k
0
 
   33
Three Bus Sensitivity Example
For the previous three bus case with Zline  j 0.1
 20 10 10 
   20 10 
Ybus  j 10 20 10  B   
   10 20 
 10 10 20 
Hence for a change of generation at bus 3
1
  2   20 10   0   0.0333
        
 3  10  20 
   1 0.0667 
0.0667  0
Then P3 to 1   0.667 pu
0.1
P3 to 2  0.333 pu P 2 to 1  0.333 pu
34
Balancing Authority Areas

 An balancing authority area (use to be called operating areas)

has traditionally represented the portion of the interconnected
electric grid operated by a single utility
 Transmission lines that join two areas are known as tie-lines.
 The net power out of an area is the sum of the flow on its tie-
lines.
 The flow out of an area is equal to

total gen - total load - total losses = tie-flow

35
Area Control Error (ACE)

 The area control error (ace) is the difference between the

actual flow out of an area and the scheduled flow, plus a
frequency component

 Ideally
ace the ACE
Pint should
Psched always
 10 be
f zero.
 Because the load is constantly changing, each utility must
constantly change its generation to “chase” the ACE.

36
Automatic Generation Control

 Most utilities use automatic generation

control (AGC) to automatically change their
generation to keep their ACE close to zero.
 Usually the utility control center calculates
ACE based upon tie-line flows; then the
AGC module sends control signals out to the
generators every couple seconds.

37
Power Transactions

 Power transactions are contracts between

generators and loads to do power transactions.
 Contracts can be for any amount of time at
any price for any amount of power.
 Scheduled power transactions are
implemented by modifying the value of Psched
used in the ACE calculation

38
PTDFs

 Power transfer distribution factors (PTDFs) show

the linear impact of a transfer of power.
 PTDFs calculated using the fast decoupled power
flow B matrix
θ  B 1P (x)
Once we know θ we can derive the change in
the transmission line flows
Except now we modify several elements in P (x),
in portion to how the specified generators would
participate in the power transfer 39
Nine Bus PTDF Example

Figure shows initial flows for a nine bus power system

300.0 MW
400.0 MW 300.0 MW

A B 250.0 MW D

10% 71%
71.1 MW C
60% 57%
92% 0.00 deg 64%
55%
11%
G F E
150.0 MW

74% 250.0 MW 250.0 MW 44% 32%

24%
H I

200.0 MW
150.0 MW

40
Nine Bus PTDF Example, cont'd

Figure now shows percentage PTDF flows from A to I

300.0 MW
400.0 MW 300.0 MW

A B 250.0 MW D

43% 30%
71.1 MW C
57% 10%
13% 0.00 deg 20%
35%
2%
G F E
150.0 MW

34% 250.0 MW 250.0 MW 34% 32%

34%
H I

200.0 MW
150.0 MW

41
Nine Bus PTDF Example, cont'd

Figure now shows percentage PTDF flows from G to F

300.0 MW
400.0 MW 300.0 MW

A B 250.0 MW D

6% 18%
71.1 MW C
6% 6%
12% 0.00 deg 12%
61%
19%
G F E
150.0 MW

21% 250.0 MW 250.0 MW 20%

21%
H I

200.0 MW
150.0 MW

42
WE to TVA PTDFs

43
Line Outage Distribution Factors (LODFS)

 LODFs are used to approximate the change in the

flow on one line caused by the outage of a second
line
– typically they are only used to determine the change in
the MW flow
– LODFs are used extensively in real-time operations
– LODFs are state-independent but do dependent on the
assumed network topology

Pl  LODFl ,k Pk

44
Flowgates

 The real-time loading of the power grid is accessed via

“flowgates”
 A flowgate “flow” is the real power flow on one or more
transmission element for either base case conditions or a
single contingency
– contingent flows are determined using LODFs
 Flowgates are used as proxies for other types of limits, such
as voltage or stability limits
 Flowgates are calculated using a spreadsheet

45
NERC Regional Reliability Councils

NERC
is the
North
American
Electric
Reliability
Council

46
NERC Reliability Coordinators

47