Scribd
Upload
87 views37 pages

Introduction To T Test: (Single Sample and Dependent Means)

The document provides an overview of t-tests, including: 1) A t-test compares sample statistics to a theoretical distribution and is used when the population variance is unknown. It can test a single sample mean or differences between paired observations. 2) For a single sample t-test, the sample mean is compared to a known population mean to test hypotheses about the population. For dependent means t-tests, differences within subjects are analyzed to test for significant changes from pre to post testing. 3) Key assumptions include normality of populations and independence of observations. Sample sizes should be sufficiently large to reduce type I and II errors and achieve adequate power for detecting effects. SPSS can conduct both single sample

Uploaded by

Jhunar John Tauy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
87 views37 pages

Introduction To T Test: (Single Sample and Dependent Means)

The document provides an overview of t-tests, including: 1) A t-test compares sample statistics to a theoretical distribution and is used when the population variance is unknown. It can test a single sample mean or differences between paired observations. 2) For a single sample t-test, the sample mean is compared to a known population mean to test hypotheses about the population. For dependent means t-tests, differences within subjects are analyzed to test for significant changes from pre to post testing. 3) Key assumptions include normality of populations and independence of observations. Sample sizes should be sufficiently large to reduce type I and II errors and achieve adequate power for detecting effects. SPSS can conduct both single sample

Uploaded by

Jhunar John Tauy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

Introduction to t Test Prepared by:

Jhunar John M. Tauy, RPm


(Single Sample and Dependent Means)
t Test
• hypothesis-testing procedure in
which the population variance is
unknown
• it compares t scores from a
sample to a comparison
distribution called a t distribution
t Test for a
Single Sample
• hypothesis-testing procedure in
which a sample mean is being
compared to a known population
mean and the population
variance is unknown.
Basic Biased Estimate
Principle of • estimate of a population parameter that is
the t Test likely systematically to overestimate or
(Estimating the underestimate the true value of the
population parameter. (e.g., SD2 would be
Population Variance biased estimate of the population variance
from the Sample (it would systematically underestimate it).
Scores)
Unbiased Estimate of the
Basic Population Variance (S2)
• estimate of a population variance, based
Principle of on sample scores, which has been
the t Test corrected so that it is unlikely to
overestimate or underestimate the true
(Estimating the population variance
Population Variance
from the Sample • the correction used is dividing the sum of
squared deviations by the sample size
Scores) minus 1, instead of the usual procedure of
dividing the sample size directly
• 

Basic
Principle of Unbiased Estimate of the
the t Test Population Variance (S2)
(Estimating the
Population Variance
from the Sample
Scores)
• 

Basic
Principle of Unbiased Estimate of the
the t Test Standard Deviation (S)
(Estimating the
Population Variance
from the Sample
Scores)
Degrees of
Freedom (df)
• number of scores free to vary when
estimating a population parameter
• usually part of a formula for making
that estimate (e.g. when calculating
the estimated population variance
from a single sample, the degrees of
freedom is the number of scores
minus 1)
Degrees of
Freedom (df)

ⅆ𝑓=𝑁−1
• 
Estimated
Population Variance
Formula
• 
2
2 ∑ ( X − 𝑀 ) 𝑆𝑆
𝑆= =
𝑁 −1 ⅆ𝑓
The Standard
Deviation of the
Distribution of Means
• 
Summary of
Different
Types of
Standard
Deviations
and Variances
t distribution

• mathematically defined
curve that is the
comparison distribution
used in a t test.
t table
• table of cutoff scores on
the t distribution for
various degrees of
freedom, significance
levels, and one- and two-
tailed tests.
t score
••  
on a t distribution,
number of standard
deviations from the
mean (like Z score, but
on a t distribution)
Suppose a researcher was studying the
psychological effects of a devastating flood in a
small rural community. Specifically, the
researcher was interested in how hopeful
(versus unhopeful) people felt after the flood.
Example of a t The researcher randomly selected 10 people
from this community to complete a short
Test for Single questionnaire. The key item on the
questionnaire asked how hopeful they felt, using
Sample a 7-point scale from extremely unhopeful (1) to
neutral (4) to extremely hopeful (7). The
researcher wanted to know whether the ratings
of hopefulness for people who had been
through the flood would be consistently above
or below the neutral point on the scale (4).
The following are the scores of
Example of a t the 10 people:
Test for Single 5,3,6,2,7,6,7,4,2,5
Sample
1. State the Research Hypothesis
2. Set the significance level
Summary for 3. State the Statistical Treatment
Hypothesis- • Mean of the Sample, Mean of population
is known, Degrees of Freedom, Estimated
Testing Population Variance, Variance of the
Procedure for Distribution of Means, Standard
Deviation of the Distribution of Means,
t Test for the shape will be a t with N-1 df

Single Sample 4. Determine the Cutoff Score in the t


distribution and compute for the t
5. Decision
Repeated
Measures
Design
• research strategy in which
each person is tested more
than once
• same as within-subjects
design
t Test for
Dependent Means
• hypothesis-testing procedure in
which there are two scores for
each person and the population
variance is not known
• it determines the significance of a
hypothesis that is being tested
using difference or change scores
from a single group of people.
Difference Scores

• difference between a person’s


score on one testing and the
same person’s score on another
testing
• often an after-score minus
before-score, in which case it is
also called change score.
Population of
Difference Scores

• The mean of the population


of the difference scores is 0.
Anxiety
Student Before After
Example 1 of A 4 2
a t Test for B 6 2
Dependent
C 6 1
Means
D 7 3
E 6 2
Depression
Client Before After
Example 2 of A 20 30
a t Test for B 30 50
Dependent
C 20 10
Means
D 40 30
E 30 40
Assumptions of the t Test
for a Single Sample and
the t Test for Dependent
Means
Assumption
• condition, such as a population’s
having a normal distribution, required
for carrying out a particular
hypothesis-testing procedure
• a part of the mathematical foundation
for the accuracy of the tables used in
determining cutoff values.
Assumptions of the t Test
for a Single Sample and
the t Test for Dependent
Means

Robustness
• extent to which a particular
hypothesis-testing procedure is
reasonably accurate even when
its assumptions are violated.
Effect Size and Power
for the t Test for
Dependent Means
• 
Effect Size
Effect Size
and Power for
the t Test for
Dependent
Means
Planning a Sample Size
Single Sample t Test and Dependent
Means t Test in Research Articles
For the Dormitory Students’ Result
Based from the gathered results, the students in the dormitory (M = 21, SD =
6.80) have significantly higher study hours than the students in general (M = 17,
SD = 1.70), t(15) = 2.35, p < 0.05, one tailed.

For the Anxiety Study


Based on the gathered results, students who undergo counseling have
significantly lower anxiety, t(4) = -7.75, p < 0.01, two tailed. Furthermore, the
effect of the counseling was large (d = -3.45) and 94% of the proportion of
variance in anxiety was accounted for by whether one had undergone
counseling or not.
Proportion of Variance
Accounted For

• 

0.08 and below – small effect


0.09 – 0.25 – moderate effect
above 0.25 – large effect
T-Test for Single Sample (SPSS)
1. Enter the scores from your distribution in one column of the data
window
2. Click Analyze
3. Click Compare Means
4. Click One-Sample T-Test
5. Enter the population Mean in the “Test Value” Box
6. Click OK
T-Test for Single Sample (SPSS)
T-Test for Dependent Means (SPSS)
1. Enter one set of scores (e.g. “before” scores) in the first column of the data
window. Then enter the second set of scores (e.g. “after” scores) in the second
column of the data window. Since each row in the SPSS data window represents
a separate person, it is important that you enter each person’s scores in two
separate columns (for example, a “before” column and an “after” column).
2. Click Analyze
3. Click Compare Means
4. Click Paired-Samples T Test
• click one of the variables (e.g. after) and click the arrow. The variable will now appear as
“Variable 1” for “Pair 1” in the “Paired Variables” box. click the second variable “before”
variable then click the arrow. The variable will now appear as “Variable 2” for “Pair 1”. Click
OK
T-Test for Dependent Means (SPSS)
T-Test for Single Sample (Computational
Formula)
T-Test for Dependent Means (Computational
Formula)

You might also like