CHAPTER 2 Transformer_4

Bushing

Steel
Iron core tank
behind the steel
bar

SOLVED
PROBLEMS
Winding

Insulation

Radiator
&
Questions
Example: Two ideal transformer connected in series circuit are shown determine:
(i) Voltage across the Load
(ii) Voltage across the secondary of transformer 2
(iii) Load current IS2 Vp Np Is
   a  Transforma tion Ratio
(iv) Source current IP1 Vs Ns Ip

Transformer 1 Transformer 2

IS1/IP1=NP1/NS1 Flip: IP1/IS1=Ns1/NP1 IS2/IP2=NP2/NS2

IP1=Ns1/(NP1 IS1) IS2=Ns2/(NP2 IP2)
IP1 =10/(100 x 1)=0.1 Amps IS2 =10/(100 x 1)=0.1 Amps
VP1/VS1=NP1/NS1
VS1=(NS1xVP1)/NP1=12volts VS2=(NS2xVP2)/NP2=120volts
Question

• A step-up transformer has a ratio of 1 to 10.

Neglecting slight losses, if 100 W of power go
into the primary coil, the power coming from the
secondary coil is
• (a) 1 W
• (b) 10 W
• (c) 100 W
• (d) 1000 W
• (e) none of these
Question
• A step-up transformer has a ratio N of 1 (P) to 10
(S). Neglecting slight losses, if 1 Amp of current
go into the primary coil, the current coming from
the secondary coil is
• (a) 0.1 Amp
• (b) 1 Amp
• (c) 10 Amp
• (d) 100 Amp
• (e) none of these
Example:
• An ideal transformer has 50 turns in its
primary and 250 turns in its secondary. 12-V
AC is connected to the primary.
• Find:
(a) the volts AC available at the secondary,
(b) the current in a 10-ohm device connected to the
secondary, and
(c) the power supplied to the primary.
Solution

primary voltage secondary voltage

=
primary turns secondary turns
12 V
=
50 250
12 x 250
V= = 60 volts
50
V 60
Ix = x 6 amps
R 10
Power to primary = Power to secondary
P x VI = 60 x 6 = 360 watts
 2.3 (P-58-61) THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER (cont…..
Impedance Transformation (to simplify the circuit for calculations)
VP '
Primary Impedance:Z = L VLS
IP ZL =

IP
Mutual Flux  IS
I LS

L
VP Z’L NP NS ZL O
A VS
D

Core
VP IS N P IS
From = = = = a = turn ration As VP = aVS IP =
VS I P N S a
VP aVS VS ' 2
'
Z = = =a 2 Z = a ZL
L
L
IP IS IS
a '
Eliminated Magnetic VP ZL'  a 2 ZL ZL
Coupling – Simple Circuit
Example 1: For the iron core transformer of Fig: Find the input impedance of
the transformer (OR transform the 2k to the primary side)
Is= 100mA
Ip
Vs 200V
R   2k
Is 100mA
VP=1600V R/ R Vs=200V R= 2k
/V
R  P Primary Impedance
IP

VP 1600
a   8  turns ratio (Transforma tion ratio )
VS 200
Ip
Secondary Impedance
/ 2
R a R Referred to the
Primary Impedance:
VP=1600V R/ R/= 128k
 R /  8 2 x 2k  128k
1600V IS 100mA
Now IP   0.0125A  12.5mA OR IP    12.5mA
128k a 8
 Example 3: A 100-kVA, 2400/240-V, 60-Hz step-down transformer (ideal) is
used between a transmission line and a distribution system.

IP=41.67 A = 416.67A
(i) Determine turns ratio (Transformation Ratio): a
ZL
Turns ratio, a = VP/VS= 2400 / 240 = 10

ZL=0.576 
(ii) Determine the full (rated load=100KVA) load impedance (ZL=VS/IS)

IP=41.67A
IS= (Transformer KVA)/VS=100,000/240 = 416.67 A
2400V Z’L=57.6 
 ZL= VS/IS = 240/416.7 = 0.576 

(iii) what is the primary rated current IP?

IS=?
IP= (Transformer KVA)/ VP=100,000/2400 = 41.67 A 240V Z’L=?

OR IP = IS /a = 416.67 / 10 = 41.67 A

(iv) Determine the load impedance (Z’L) referred to the primary. Z'L = a 2 Z L
Load impedance Z’L referred to the primary: = a2 0.576 = 57.6 ohm
Prepare For Example 2-1 Next: A single-phase power system consists of a
480-V 60-Hz generator supplying a load Rload=4 through a transmission line
of Rline=0.I8. Answer the following:
R eq  Rload
(b) A 1:10 step-up transformer is placed /
R eq 
/
Rload 
at the generator end of the transmission
transmission line
line and a 10:1 step-down transformer is Rline
placed at the load end. Find:
(i) Find voltage at the load be?
ILine=12A
Transform Rload to the transmission side
/
Rload  a 2Rload ; a  10 Req= /
Rload 
Rline+R/load
/
Rload  100 x 4  400
Transform R/load and Rline to the Generator side
IG=120A
1 1
R //
load a R ; a
2 /
load  Rload
//
 x 400  4
10 100 R eq
1 1
 a 2Rline ; a   Rline
/
 x0.18  0.0018  Rline  Rload
/ //
/
Rline
10 100
R eq  Rline
/
 Rload//
R eq  0.0018  4  4.0018

480 V
IG   120 A ILine=120/10=12A ILoad=12x10=120A VLoad=120x4=480 Volts
4.0018
(ii) Find transmission line losses? Pline_Losses=I2RT_Line=122x0.18=26 Watts
Cont……. From: Chapter_2_Transformer_2_A
Example 2-1. A single-phase power system consists of a 480-V 60-Hz
generator supplying a load Zload= 4+j3 through a transmission line of
Zline=0.I8+j0.24. Answer the following:
(a) If the power system is exactly as in
Figure 2-6a.
(i) what will the voltage at the load be?
Fig 2-6 Example 2- 1 (a) without transformers
Solution:
Step:1 First we need to find line current Iline
Iline

(ii) Determine the transmission line losses?

Step:2 Therefore Vload=Iline Zline
The line losses = Ploss=(Iline)2Rline:
Ploss = (90.8 A)2 (0.18 )=1484 W
Cont……. From: Chapter_2_Transformer_2_A
Example 2-1. A single-phase power system consists of a 480-V 60-Hz
generator supplying a load Zload= 4+j3 through a transmission line of
Zline=0.I8+j0.24. Answer the following:
(b) Suppose a 1:10 step-up transformer is placed at the generator end of the
transmission line and a 10:1 step-down transformer is placed at the load end
of the line (Figure 2-6 b). (i) What will the load voltage be now?
(ii) What will the transmission line losses be now?

FIGURE 2-6 Example 2- 1 (b)

with transformers at the ends
of the transmission line.

Next Slide: Quick Steps How To Find Vload

Cont……. From: Chapter_2_Transformer_2_A

Part (b) (i) To Find Vload

Step1. Z load
/
Z eq   4  j3
Eliminate transformer T2
Z eq  /
Zload 
by referring the load
over to the transmission
line's voltage level.

 Z eq 
Z line  Zload
/

FIGURE 2-7 (a) load referred to the transmission system voltage level
 Cont……. From: Chapter_2_Transformer_2_A
Iline  ?
Step 2.
Eliminate transformer T1 by
referring the transmission
line's elements & the
equivalent load at the T1
transmission line's voltage
over to the source side.

FIG 2-7 (b) transmission line referred to the generator's voltage level

Z 'eq =4.0018+j3.0024  5.00336.880 

VP IS NP
U sin g   
VS IP NS

Found current IG we can now transform

back to line current I & then to I
Cont……. From: Chapter_2_Transformer_2_A

U sin g 
VP IS NP
  IG  96.94  36.880 Iline  ?
VS IP NS

Step 3.
Knowing the current IG. we can now
work back and find Iline and Iload
Iline=?

Iload=?
 (b) Suppose a 1:10 step-up transformer is placed at the generator end of the
transmission line and a 10:1 step-down transformer is placed at the load end
of the line (Figure 2-6 b). (i) What will the load voltage be now? (ii) What
will the transmission line losses be now?

Step 4.
Vload can be found
from Iload Using Ohms
law i.e Vload = IloadxZload

Part b: (ii) Find line Losses

Knowing Iline Using P=I2lineR, can find line Losses

and the line losses are given by

Note: Raising the transmission line voltage of the power system reduced transmission
losses by a factor of nearly 90! Also, the voltage at the load dropped much less in the
system with transformers compared to the system without transformers. This is the
advantage of using higher-voltage transmission lines as well as the extreme importance
of transformers in modern power systems.
Comparison of system without and with Transformer
Without With
Transformer Transformer
Transmission Line 1484 Watts 16.4 Watts
Losses
Load Voltage 454/-0.9o V 479.7/-0.01o V
Load Current 90.8/-37.8oA 95.94/-36.88oA
Input Power
Output Power
Efficiency

Question: What is the reason for low losses ????

 To Approximate The Exact Transformer Equivalent Circuit:
Refer T/F model to its Primary Voltage Level (Eliminate Coupling)
RP jXP RS jXS
IDEAL

IP L lP IO •• IS L lS
IC IM VP IS NP
U sin g   
VS IP NS VS
VP RC jXM IS
As VP = aVS I P =
a

RP jXP IS/a a 2 RS a2 jXS

IP L lP IO
IC IM Secondary RS, XS
aVS
VP RC jXM & voltage referred
to the primary.
FIGURE 2-17 (a)
 Cont….To Approximate The Exact Transformer Equivalent Circuit:
Refer T/F Model to its
Primary Voltage Level (Eliminate Coupling)

IO=IC+jIM is small (at rated voltage IO=3-5% of rated current)

compare to IP and IS/a. WHY ?
RC & XM >>RP & XP

Approximate IP=IS/a Hence the T/F circuit can be simplified as

IP RP jXP IS/a a2 RS a2 jXS

L lP IO
IC IM T/F model: No Coupling
VP Secondary RS, XS &
RC
aVS
jXM voltage referred to
the primary.

Fig 2-18(a) Approximate T/F model referred to primary side

 The Exact Transformer Equivalent Circuit:
Refer T/F Model To Its Secondary Voltage Level (Eliminate Coupling)
RP jXP RS jXS
IDEAL

IP L lP IO •• IS L lS
IC IM

VP VS
RC jXM

XP
j IS RS jXS
a2
RP IO
aIP
a2 IC IM
VP RC jX M VS
2
a a a2
FIGURE 2-17 (b)
Example: In the given figure a 15-KVA, 2300/230-V transformer has an
equivalent circuit referred to the primary (high voltage) side. Find: (Read
page 103 Example 2-5)
(a) Rated primary and secondary currents.
(b) Equivalent circuit of given T/F referred to Low Voltage (Secondary) side.

2300 V 230 V
15-KVA

Solution (a)
T / F KVA 15000 VA
Pr imary rated current    6.52 A
Pr imary Rated Voltage 2300 V
(b) Equivalent circuit of given T/F referred to low voltage side.
IP IS/a Reqp jXeqp VP IS NP
U sin g   
VS IP NS
IO
4.45 j6.45
IC IM
VP VP/VS = 2300/230 = 10 = a
RC jXM aVS
105k j11k
“a” called transformation constant

X eqp j6.45
Xeqs  2
 2
 j0.0645
a 10
aIP IS ReqS jXeqs

IO R eqp 4.45
VP IC IM
Re qs  2
 2
 0.0445
a 10
a
RC 105k jXM j11k VS
2
 2
 1050 2
 2
 j110
a 10 a 10
(b) Equivalent circuit of given T/F referred to low voltage side.
IP IS/a Reqp jXeqp

IO
4.45 j6.45
IC IM
VP aVS
RC jXM
105k j11k X eqp j6.45
Xeqs  2
 2
 j0.0645
a 10
R eqp 4.45
Re qs  2
 2
 0.0445
a 10

aIP IS ReqS=0.9445 
IO jXeqs=0.0645 
VP IC IM

a jX M j11k VS=230 V
RC 105k   j110
  1050 a2 102
a2 10 2
2.4 Theory of Operation of Real Single-Phase T/F (page 76)
• The Real Transformer characteristics
Transformer (T/F) Characteristics

Efficiency () Voltage Regulation (VR)

Power Output Vs no _ load   Vs  full _ load 
 % VR   100
Power Input Vs  full _ load 
Power Input  Losses

Power Input
Qus: When can Transformer operate at
its maximum Efficiency (max)?
RS
Ans: Core losses (fixed losses) = RP
Copper losses (variable losses)  max
Note: True for all machines Core
LOSSES:
(i) Winding Losses (Copper RP & RS): Variable Losses, depends on load.
(ii) Core Losses (RC)(Eddy current+Hysterisis) Fixed Losses, independent of the load.
How to Determine Components of Transformer Model Values?

Make the Following Transformer Tests

Open Circuit Test Short Circuit Test

find RC & XM find Reqp, Xeqp OR Reqs , Xeqs

IP IS/a Reqp jXeqp

IO
IC IM
VP aVS
RC jXM

Fida Muhammad (Air University)

 Ques: How the no load
Open Circuit Test test can be performed
small
for gasoline engine?
Scale Ampere
(IO) Meter
Wattmeter
Why? IP(t)
Large A
Scale
• •
Why ?
Volt Open
V(t) V Meter
VP(t)
Circuit

Figure 2-19 Connection for Transformer

transformer open-circuit test

Apply rated primary (input) Voltage

IO No-Load current flows primary
Wattmeter reads …..?
Core Fida
losses
Muhammad (Air University)
 Ques: How the full load
large Short Circuit Test test can be performed
for gasoline engine?
scale
Ampere
(IO) Meter Secondary
Why? Wattmeter Short Circuit
IP(t)
small A
Scale • •
Why ?

V(t) V
Volt
VP(t) A
Meter

Figure 2-20 Connection for Transformer

transformer short-circuit test
Apply rated current
Full load IP & IS current flows
Wattmeter reads …?.....
I2R (Copper)
Fida Muhammad (Air University)
 Page#90 Determining Transformer Model Components
Tests : Find Values of Components

Open Circuit Test Short Circuit Test

Secondary
Ampere Ampere
Meter
Short
Wattmeter IP(t)
Meter Wattmeter Circuit
IP(t)
A • • A • •

Volt
VP(t) Open V
Volt
VP(t) A
V(t) V Meter
V(t) Meter
Circuit

Figure 2-19 Connection for Transformer Figure 2-20 Connection for Transformer
transformer open-circuit test transformer short-circuit test

Apply rated primary (input) Voltage Apply rated current

IO No-Load current flows primary
Full load IP & IS current flows
Wattmeter reads …..?
CoreFida
losses
Muhammad (Air University)
Wattmeter reads I2R (Copper)
Example 2.2 (page 92)
A 20-kVA, 8000/240-V, 60-Hz T/F. The open-circuit test (OCT) and
the short-circuit test (SCT) were performed on the primary side of
the T/F, and the following data were taken:
OCT (on primary) SCT (on primary)
Voc = 8000 V Vsc = 489 V
Ioc = 0.214 A Isc = 2.5 A
Poc = 400 W Psc = 240 W
Find the impedances of the approximate equivalent circuit referred
to the primary side, and sketch the circuit.
Wattmeter
IP(t)
A • •

V(t)
V(t) V VP(t) A

Fida Muhammad (Air University)

Transformer Efficiency

Power Output

Power Input

Power Input  Losses


Power Input
Losses
  1
Power Input
Pcopper loss  Pcore loss
  1
Pcopper loss  Pcore loss  VsIs cos 

The efficiency for a power transformer is between 0.9 to 0.99.

The higher the rating of a transformer, the greater is its efficiency.

Fida Muhammad (Air University)
 Pcopper loss  Pcore loss
Transforme r Effciency  1 
Pcopper loss  Pcore loss  VsIs cos 
Efficiency - Points to remember
1. Core losses (Hysteris & eddy) are fixed losses – independent of the load (load
current)
2. Copper losses (winding losses-I2R) are variable losses & depends on load

When can Transformer operate at its maximum Efficiency?

Core losses (fixed losses) = Copper losses (variable losses)

Efficiency  =100%
Max }Losses

2 x Pcore loss
max  1 
2 x Pcore loss  VsIs cos 

NOTE: The above statement is

Load
also true for Motors & Generators Rated Load
 Y (Star) Configuration
IPhase=IR
Note:
Phase Current IP=IR Line current R Line current
IR_Phase
 
jX

+
VR(t)
In VLL=VRB
It is possible to connect

VB
the negative ends of 3
+

(t)
+
IY_Phase VLL=VRY

jX
single-phase generators

jX
and loads together, they
IY

R
share a common return

R
IB_Phase
line (called the neutral n).
IY VLL=VYB
(i) 3 single-phase give
more power/kg of metal  
from a 3-phase machine

(ii) the power delivered to  

a 3-phase load is not
pulsing as it does in
single-phase systems..
  Delta Configuration

Note: VR
VR(t)
Phase VP=VRY Phase Voltage +

VY

jX

R
  R

Circulating

+
jX current
jX

+
R

VB
 

Question: Due to unbalanced loads, as their no neutral, what happened to the

difference of Phase currents due different voltages?
Answer: The difference in voltage the extra current circulates in delta windings and
dissipate across delta resistance in windings. Hence, Delta winding is preferred for
balanced loads to avoid current circulation.
Distribution System: 3 Phase 4 Wires 
• Distribution line (Distribution) 11kv
• 3-Phase Transformer 11 kv /440,220v
• Service line 440,220v; Utilization 440,220v

Primary Secondary
STAR-Y Transformer DELTA-

Y Line voltage VL=√3Vph  Line Voltage VL= Vph

Y Line current, IL = Iph  Line current IL = √3 Iph
 Important Question & Answers

Question: What is the Max & Min Value of Power Factor?

Answer: Zero (0) to One (+1) (Leading or Lagging)
Question: Which pf better - Leading or Lagging? Why?

Answer: Both Leading or Lagging Power Factor are poor and

undesirable (less than 0.85 is considered as a poor power factor).
Question: What are effect of better(high) power factor?
Answer: P
P=VI cos  I 
V  pf  ; High pf low current better regulation

and low I2R transmission line losses, efficient system.

Question: How Power Factor is improved?
Answer: Parallel capacitors used to improve lagging p.f. for
leading pf series inductors are used.
(Series Capacitors for PF improvement in long HVAC Transmission)
6.3 Disadvantages of Low Power Factor (from book)

Question: Why electrical machinery(Generators, Transformers) rated in kVA (Apparent Power)?

Answer: The electrical machinery is rated in kVA (Apparent Power) because the power
factor of the load is not known when the machinery is manufactured in the factory.

P
I 
V  pf 

for fixed power and voltage, the load current is inversely

proportional to the power factor. Lower the power factor, higher is
the load current and vice-versa. A power factor less than unity
results in the following disadvantages :

(i) Large kVA rating of equipment. The electrical machinery (e.g., alternators,
transformers, switchgear) is always rated in *kVA. Now, kVA = kW/ cos φ

It is clear that kVA rating of the equipment is inversely proportional to power factor. The
smaller the pf, the larger is the kVA rating. Therefore, at low power factor, the kVA rating
of the equipment has to be made more, making the equipment larger and expensive.

(ii) Greater conductor size. To transmit or distribute a fixed amount of power at constant
voltage, the conductor will have to carry more current at low power factor.
Answers the following questions (class lectures)

Question:1 Why the short circuit and open circuit tests are performed on the transformers

Question:2 How the rated primary/secondary currents of the transformers are determined, If kVA and the
primary/secondary voltage ratings of the transformer are given.

Question:3 How eddy current losses are reduced the transformer?

Question:4 What is the condition for the maximum efficiency in the transformers?

Question:5 Why transformers and Generators ratings are given in kVA?

Question:6 Name fixed and variable losses in electrical Machines?

Question:7 Voltage and current relations in Y & Delta 3_phase transformers configuration? Why 3-phase?

Question:8 Sketch transformer equivalent circuit diagram OR referred to the primary OR referred to the
secondary side.

Question:9 Transformer (T/F) Characteristics