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    2.0 Sensors (Transdusers) : A Sensor/transducer

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    NyandaMadili Malashi
    Sensors, also called transducers, measure physical quantities and convert them into signals that can be read by observers or instruments. There are various types of sensors such as thermocouples, which convert temperature to an output voltage, and mercury-in-glass thermometers, which convert temperature into liquid expansion or contraction. Sensors can be analog, where the measured value varies continuously, or digital, where it varies in discrete steps. Key sensor performance characteristics include accuracy, precision, resolution, range, sensitivity, and drift. Common industrial sensors measure level using sight tubes, pressure cells, or sonic/radar methods. Level measurement devices include glass gauges, displacers using Archimedes' principle of

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    2.0 Sensors (Transdusers) : A Sensor/transducer

    Uploaded by

    NyandaMadili Malashi
    35 views17 pages
    Sensors, also called transducers, measure physical quantities and convert them into signals that can be read by observers or instruments. There are various types of sensors such as thermocouples, which convert temperature to an output voltage, and mercury-in-glass thermometers, which convert temperature into liquid expansion or contraction. Sensors can be analog, where the measured value varies continuously, or digital, where it varies in discrete steps. Key sensor performance characteristics include accuracy, precision, resolution, range, sensitivity, and drift. Common industrial sensors measure level using sight tubes, pressure cells, or sonic/radar methods. Level measurement devices include glass gauges, displacers using Archimedes' principle of

    Original Title

    Lecture 3

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    Sensors, also called transducers, measure physical quantities and convert them into signals that can be read by observers or instruments. There are various types of sensors such as thermocouples, which convert temperature to an output voltage, and mercury-in-glass thermometers, which convert temperature into liquid expansion or contraction. Sensors can be analog, where the measured value varies continuously, or digital, where it varies in discrete steps. Key sensor performance characteristics include accuracy, precision, resolution, range, sensitivity, and drift. Common industrial sensors measure level using sight tubes, pressure cells, or sonic/radar methods. Level measurement devices include glass gauges, displacers using Archimedes' principle of

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    35 views17 pages

    2.0 Sensors (Transdusers) : A Sensor/transducer

    Uploaded by

    NyandaMadili Malashi
    Sensors, also called transducers, measure physical quantities and convert them into signals that can be read by observers or instruments. There are various types of sensors such as thermocouples, which convert temperature to an output voltage, and mercury-in-glass thermometers, which convert temperature into liquid expansion or contraction. Sensors can be analog, where the measured value varies continuously, or digital, where it varies in discrete steps. Key sensor performance characteristics include accuracy, precision, resolution, range, sensitivity, and drift. Common industrial sensors measure level using sight tubes, pressure cells, or sonic/radar methods. Level measurement devices include glass gauges, displacers using Archimedes' principle of

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 17

    2.

    0 SENSORS (TRANSDUSERS)
    The words 'sensor' and 'transducer' are both widely used in the
    description of measurement systems.
    A sensor/transducer is a device that measures a physical
    quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an
    observer or by an instrument.
    For example
    Mercury-in-glass thermometer converts the measured
    temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which
    can be read on a calibrated glass tube

    A thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage


    which can be read by a voltmeter.
    Definitions
    Measurement is a direct comparison of a physical quantity to
    some definite standard or measure of dimension called a unit.

    Input signal Sensor Output signal

    Measurement system

    For accuracy, all sensors need to be calibrated against known


    standards.
    Sensors can be analog or digital ones;
    Sensors cont…
    Analog sensors: The measured value varies smoothly and
    continuous with time. It incorporate scale and pointer to
    display the values of measured quantities.

    Digital sensors: Measured value varies in step-wise manner


    (discrete) between two distinct magnitudes.
    Sensor Terminology
    Common terms used to define the performance of sensors are;

    Accuracy: The closeness of the agreement between the result


    of a measurement and a true value of the measurand. It is
    quoted as a percentage of full-scale (f.s.d) reading of a sensor
    i.e ±1.
    Precision: Precision is the closeness of the agreement between
    the results of successive measurements of the same measurand
    carried out under the same conditions of measurement.
    Precision is also called repeatability.
    For example; 20.253, 20.252, 20.250, 20.251,
    Precision is 20.253 – 20.250 = 0.003
    Terminology cont…

    Reproducibility: Closeness readings of successive


    measurements carried out under different conditions (method
    of measurement, observer, location and measuring instrument)

    Resolution: Is the smallest change in measured quantity that


    can be detected by sensor.

    Range or Span: Is the limit between which reading can be


    made (0 – 100)
    Terminology cont…

    Sensitivity: Indicates how much the sensor's output changes


    when the measured quantity changes.

    Drift or Bias: Describe the effect where the zero reading of


    sensor is modified by change in ambient conditions. The
    output signal is not zero while the measured physical is zero.
    Sensor technology
    Capacitive and Resistive sensors: Rely on the variation of
    the capacitance and resistance of a material when the
    measured variable is applied to it. Used in displacement
    temperature measurement

    Magnetic sensors: Utilize magnetic phenomena of


    inductance, reluctance and eddy currents to indicate the value
    of the measured quantity.

    Piezoelectric transducers: Produce an output voltage when a


    force is applied to them. Used as displacement transducer for
    measuring acceleration, force and pressure.
    Sensor technology cont…
    Stain gauges: Change in resistance when they are stretched or
    stained

    Optical sensors (air path): Use air to transmit light between


    a source and detector . Used to measure proximity,
    translational motion, rotational motion and gas concentration.
    The variable causes measurable change in the characteristics
    of the light transmitted by cable.

    Optical sensors (fibre-optic): Use fiber optical cable instead


    of air to transmit light between a source and detector
    Industrial Sensors

    Common sensors that are normally used in industries for


    measurements are,

    Level measurement sensors


    In all level measurement a sensing device interacts with
    material inside a container. Common types include sight,
    pressure, electric, sonic, and radiation

    •Sight-type Instruments
    There are three common sight-type level sensors: glass
    gauges, displacers, and tape floats.
    Glass Gauges

    Two types of level glass gauges are used to measure liquid


    level: tubular and flat.

    The pressure that the liquid exerts in the tank forces the liquid
    in the sight glass to rise to the same level as the liquid in the
    tank
    Displacers

    Displacer level gauges operate on Archimedes’ principle: They


    use the change in buoyant force acting on a partially
    submerged displacer.

    Archimedes' principle states that a body fully or partially


    immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the
    weight of the fluid displaced.
    Displacers cont…

    F= Wd = ρgV
     
    Where
    Wd = Weight of the displaced fluid
    ρ = Density of the displaced fluid
    V = Volume of the displaced fluid
    g = Gravitational constant.
    By measuring the buoyancy force produced by a displacer,
    you can determine a level value
    Tape Float

    A tape is connected to a float on one end and to a


    counterweight on the other to keep the tape under constant
    tension.

    The float motion makes the counterweight ride up and down a


    direct-reading gauge board. The gauge board is calibrated to
    indicate the liquid level in the tank.
    Ball Float

    A ball float attached to a rod, which in turn is connected to a


    rotating shaft which indicates level on a calibrated scale

    If the liquid levels change, the float will follow and change the
    position of the pointer attached to the rotating shaft.
    Magnetic Bond Float

    Use magnetic attraction for level measurements

    It is used when no stuffing box or cage. Also this method is


    not very good for liquids with metal particles since magnets
    can get displaced
    Various Level Measurements
    UNTIL NEXT
    TIME

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