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Helping Relational Data Base

This document introduces relational databases and some basic concepts. It provides examples of student and course tables and describes primary keys that uniquely identify rows and foreign keys that link tables. It also demonstrates selection and projection operations on tables as well as joins to combine information from multiple tables.

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Umer Farooq Mirza
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57 views

Helping Relational Data Base

This document introduces relational databases and some basic concepts. It provides examples of student and course tables and describes primary keys that uniquely identify rows and foreign keys that link tables. It also demonstrates selection and projection operations on tables as well as joins to combine information from multiple tables.

Uploaded by

Umer Farooq Mirza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Relational

Databases
An Example Table
• Students (sid: string, name: string, login: string, age:
integer, gpa: real)

sid name login age gpa


50000 Dave dave@cs 19 3.3
53666 Jones jones@cs 18 3.4
53688 Smith smith@ee 18 3.2
53650 Smith smith@math 19 3.8
53831 Madayan madayan@music 11 1.8
53832 Guldu guldu@music 12 2.0
Another example: Courses
• Courses (cid, instructor, quarter, dept)
cid instructo quarter Dept sid
r
50000
Carnatic10 Jane Fall 06 Music
1 53666
Reggae20 Bob Summer Music 53688
3 06 53650
Topology1 Mary Spring 06 Math
53831
01
History105 Alice Fall 06 History 53832
Keys
• Primary key – minimal subset of fields that
is unique identifier for a tuple
– sid is primary key for Students
– cid is primary key for Courses
• Foreign key –connections between tables
– Courses (cid, instructor, quarter, dept)
– Students (sid, name, login, age, gpa)
– How do we express which students take each
course?
• In general, need a new table
Enrolled(cid, grade, studid)
Studid is foreign key that references sid in
Student table
Student
Foreign
Enrolled key sid name login

cid grade studid 50000 Dave dave@cs


53666 Jones jones@cs
Carnatic101 C 53831 53688 Smith smith@ee
Reggae203 B 53832 53650 Smith smith@math
53831 Madayan madayan@musi
Topology112 A 53650 53832 Guldu guldu@music
History 105 B 53666
Basic operators
• Selection – return rows that meet some
condition
• Projection – return column values
• Join
Selection
Select students with gpa higher than 3.3 from S1:
σgpa>3.3(S1)
S1
sid name gpa
50000 Dave 3.3
sid name gpa
53666 Jones 3.4
53666 Jones 3.4
53688 Smith 3.2
53650 Smith 3.8
53650 Smith 3.8
53831 Madayan 1.8
53832 Guldu 2.0
Projection
Project name and gpa of all students in S1:
name, gpa(S1)
S1
Sid name gpa name gpa
50000 Dave 3.3 Dave 3.3
53666 Jones 3.4 Jones 3.4
53688 Smith 3.2 Smith 3.2
53650 Smith 3.8 Smith 3.8
53831 Madayan 1.8 Madayan 1.8
53832 Guldu 2.0 Guldu 2.0
Combine Selection and Projection
• Project name and gpa of students in S1
with gpa higher than 3.3:
name,gpa(σgpa>3.3(S1))

Sid name gpa


50000 Dave 3.3 name gpa
53666 Jones 3.4 Jones 3.4
53688 Smith 3.2 Smith 3.8
53650 Smith 3.8
53831 Madayan 1.8
53832 Guldu 2.0
Example: Intersection
S1 S2
sid name gpa sid name gpa
50000 Dave 3.3 53666 Jones 3.4
53666 Jones 3.4 53688 Smith 3.2
53688 Smith 3.2 53700 Tom 3.5
53650 Smith 3.8 53777 Jerry 2.8
53831 Madayan 1.8 53832 Guldu 2.0
53832 Guldu 2.0
sid name gpa
53666 Jones 3.4
S1  S2 = 53688 Smith 3.2
53832 Guldu 2.0
Joins
• Combine information from two or more
tables
• Example: students enrolled in courses:
S1 S1.sid=E.studidE
S1
Sid name gpa E
50000 Dave 3.3 cid grade studid
53666 Jones 3.4 Carnatic101 C 53831
53688 Smith 3.2 Reggae203 B 53832
53650 Smith 3.8 Topology112 A 53650
53831 Madayan 1.8
History 105 B 53666
53832 Guldu 2.0
S1 Joins
Sid name gpa E
50000 Dave 3.3 cid grade studid
53666 Jones 3.4 Carnatic101 C 53831
53688 Smith 3.2 Reggae203 B 53832
53650 Smith 3.8
Topology112 A 53650
53831 Madayan 1.8
History 105 B 53666
53832 Guldu 2.0
sid name gpa cid grade studid
53666 Jones 3.4 History105 B 53666
53650 Smith 3.8 Topology112 A 53650
53831 Madayan 1.8 Carnatic101 C 53831
53832 Guldu 2.0 Reggae203 B 53832

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