Constructors & Destructors

Review
CS 308 – Data Structures
 What is a constructor?
• It is a member function which initializes a
class.
• A constructor has:
(i) the same name as the class itself
(ii) no return type
class rectangle {
private:
float height;
float width;
int xpos;
int ypos;
public:
rectangle(float, float); // constructor
void draw(); // draw member function
void posn(int, int); // position member function
void move(int, int); // move member function
};
 
rectangle::rectangle(float h, float w)
{
height = h;
width = w;
xpos = 0;
ypos = 0;
}
 Comments on constructors
• A constructor is called automatically whenever a
new instance of a class is created.
• You must supply the arguments to the constructor
when a new instance is created.
• If you do not specify a constructor, the compiler
generates a default constructor for you (expects no
parameters and has an empty body).
Comments on constructors (cont.)
void main()
{
rectangle rc(3.0, 2.0);
 
rc.posn(100, 100);
rc.draw();
rc.move(50, 50);
rc.draw();
}
 
• Warning: attempting to initialize a data member of
a class explicitly in the class definition is a syntax
error.
 Overloading constructors
• You can have more than one constructor in a class, as
long as each has a different list of arguments.
 
class rectangle {
private:
float height;
float width;
int xpos;
int ypos;
public:
rectangle(float, float); // constructor
rectangle(); // another constructor
void draw(); // draw member function
void posn(int, int); // position member function
void move(int, int); // move member function
};
Overloading constructors (cont.)
rectangle::rectangle()
{
height = 10;
width = 10;
xpos = 0;
ypos = 0;
}
 
void main()
{
rectangle rc1(3.0, 2.0);
rectangle rc2();
 
rc1.draw();
rc2.draw();
}
 Composition: objects as
members of classes
• A class may have objects of other classes as members.
 
class properties {
private:
int color;
int line;
public:
properties(int, int); // constructor
};
 
properties::properties(int c, int l)
{
color = c;
line = l;
}
 Composition: objects as
members of classes (cont.)
class rectangle {
private:
float height;
float width;
int xpos;
int ypos;
properties pr; // another object
public:
rectangle(float, float, int, int ); // constructor
void draw(); // draw member function
void posn(int, int); // position member function
void move(int, int); // move member function
};
 Composition: objects as
members of classes (cont.)
rectangle::rectangle(float h, float w, int c, int l):pr(c, l)
{
height = h;
width = w;
xpos = 0;
ypos = 0;
};
 
 
void main()
{
rectangle rc(3.0, 2.0, 1, 3);
 
C++ statements;
}
 What is a destructor?
• It is a member function which deletes an object.
• A destructor function is called automatically when
the object goes out of scope:
(1) the function ends
(2) the program ends
(3) a block containing temporary variables ends
(4) a delete operator is called 
• A destructor has:
(i) the same name as the class but is preceded by a tilde (~)
(ii) no arguments and return no values
class string {
private:
char *s;
int size;
public:
string(char *); // constructor
~string(); // destructor
};
 
string::string(char *c)
{
size = strlen(c);
s = new char[size+1];
strcpy(s,c);
}
 
string::~string()
{
delete []s;
}
 Comments on destructors
• If you do not specify a destructor, the
compiler generates a default destructor for
you.
• When a class contains a pointer to memory
you allocate, it is your responsibility to
release the memory before the class
instance is destroyed.
 What is a copy constructor?
• It is a member function which initializes an
object using another object of the same
class.
• A copy constructor has the following
general function prototype: 
class_name (const class_name&);
class rectangle {
private:
float height;
float width;
int xpos;
int ypos;
public:
rectangle(float, float); // constructor
rectangle(const rectangle&); // copy constructor
void draw(); // draw member function
void posn(int, int); // position member function
void move(int, int); // move member function
};
rectangle::rectangle(const rectangle& old_rc)
{
height = old_rc.height;
width = old_rc.width;
xpos = old_rc.xpos;
ypos = old_rc.ypos;
}
 
void main()
{
rectangle rc1(3.0, 2.0); // use constructor
rectangle rc2(rc1); // use copy constructor
rectangle rc3 = rc1; // alternative syntax for
// copy constructor
 C++ statements;
}
 Defining copy constructors is
very important
• In the absence of a copy constructor, the C+
+ compiler builds a default copy
constructor for each class which is doing a
memberwise copy between objects.
• Default copy constructors work fine unless
the class contains pointer data members ...
why???
#include <iostream.h>
#include <string.h>
 
class string {
private:
char *s;
int size;
public:
string(char *); // constructor
~string(); // destructor
void print();
void copy(char *);
};
 
void string::print()
{
cout << s << endl;
}
void string::copy(char *c)
{
strcpy(s, c);
}
 
void main()
{
string str1("George");
string str2 = str1; // default copy constructor
 
str1.print(); // what is printed ?
str2.print();
 
str2.copy("Mary");
 
str1.print(); // what is printed now ?
str2.print();
}
Defining a copy constructor for the
above example:
class string {
private:
char *s;
int size;
public:
string(char *); // constructor
~string(); // destructor
string(const string&); // copy constructor
void print();
void copy(char *);
};
string::string(const string& old_str)
{
size = old_str.size;
s = new char[size+1];
strcpy(s,old_str.s);
}
 
void main()
{
string str1("George");
string str2 = str1;
 
str1.print(); // what is printed ?
str2.print();
 
str2.copy("Mary");
 
str1.print(); // what is printed now ?
str2.print();
 
}
 
Note: same results can be obtained by overloading the assignment
operator.