111101: Introduction to Engineering Materials (Fall-2020)

Instructor: Dr. Ibrahim Qazi, Prof & HoD

Course Objective...

Simply, you will learn about:

• Material structure
• How structure dictates properties
Issues/Council
• How processing can change structure J opportunities
Rag 1
 COURSE MATERIALS
Required text:
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
W.D. Callister, Jr. and D.G. Rethwisch, 3rd ed, John Wiley
and Sons, Inc. (2008).

Optional Material:
1. Essentials of Materials Science and Engineering by
Donald R. Askeland and Pradeep P. Fulay, 2nd ed,
Cengage Learning 2009

2. Engineering Materials 1: An introduction to properties,

Applications, and Design by Michael F. Ashby and David
R. H. Jones, 4th ed, Elsevier 2012
2
 Chapter 1 - Introduction
• What is Materials Science?
• Why should we know about it?

Materials drive our society

– Stone Age
– Bronze Age
– Iron Age
– Now?
• Silicon Age?
• Polymer Age?

3
Optical
Scanning
Transmission
Tunneling
Xray
Spectroscopy
etc
Casting
Forging
Extrusion
Sintering
Mechanical
Layer-by-layer
Thermal
growth
Electrical
Stamping
Magnetic
etc
Optical
etc

4
 MECHANICAL
• Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel

(d)

600
Hardness (BHN)

30 m
500 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 11.31(a)
400 (b) and 11.33 with 4 wt% C composition,
(a) and from Fig. 14.8 and associated
4 m discussion, Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
300 Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
11.19; (b) Fig. 10.34;(c) Fig. 11.34;
30 m
and (d) Fig. 11.22, Callister &
200 30 m
Rethwisch 3e.

100 Photomicrograph of a steel having a

spheroidite microstructure. The small
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 particles are cementite; the continuous
phase is α ferrite. 1000×. (Copyright
Cooling Rate (ºC/s) 1971 by United States Steel
Corporation.)

• Processing can change structure

ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
5
 ELECTRICAL
• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
6 Adapted from Fig. 12.8, Callister &
t %Ni Rethwisch 3e. (Fig. 12.8 adapted
a
5 3 .32 from: J.O. Linde, Ann Physik 5, 219
+ (1932); and C.A. Wert and R.M.
Cu Ni
Resistivity, 

Thomson, Physics of Solids, 2nd

t%
4 16 a Ni
(10-8 Ohm-m)

edition, McGraw-Hill Company, New

+ 2. a t% York, 1970.)
Cu . 1 2
3 u +1
e d C
ef o rm % N i
d 2 a t
2 .1
u +1
C
1 r e” Cu
“Pu
0
-200 -100 0 T (°C)
• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.
• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
6
 THERMAL
• Space Shuttle Tiles: • Thermal Conductivity
-- Silica fiber insulation of Copper:
offers low heat conduction. -- It decreases when
Adapted from chapter- you add zinc!
opening photograph,
Chapter 17, Callister &
400

Thermal Conductivity
Rethwisch 3e. (Courtesy
of Lockheed
Missiles and Space
Company, Inc.) 300

(W/m-K)
200

100
0
0 10 20 30 40
Composition (wt% Zinc)
Adapted from Adapted from Fig. 17.4, Callister & Rethwisch
Fig. 19.4W, Callister 3e. (Fig. 17.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:
6e. (Courtesy of Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys and
Lockheed Aerospace Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,
Ceramics Systems, (Managing Editor), American Society for Metals,
Sunnyvale, CA) 1979, p. 315.)
(Note: "W" denotes fig.
100 m is on CD-ROM.) 7
 MAGNETIC
• Magnetic Storage: • Magnetic Permeability
-- Recording medium vs. Composition:
is magnetized by -- Adding 3 atomic % Si
recording head. makes Fe a better
recording medium!

Magnetization
Fe+3%Si

Fe

Magnetic Field
Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and
Fig. 18.23, Callister & Rethwisch 3e. A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of
(Fig. 18.23 is from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin, Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9,
Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.) 1973. Electronically reproduced
by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

8
 OPTICAL
• Transmittance:
Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or opaque
depending on the material structure.
single polycrystal: polycrystal:
crystal low porosity high porosity

Adapted from Fig. 1.2,

Callister & Rethwisch 3e.
(Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing; photo by S.
Tanner.)

9
 DETERIORATIVE

• Stress & Saltwater... • Heat treatment: slows

-- causes cracks! crack speed in salt water!

crack speed (m/s)

10-8 “as-is”
“held at
160ºC for 1 hr
before testing”
10-10

increasing load
Alloy 7178 tested in
saturated aqueous NaCl
solution at 23ºC

Adapted from chapter-opening photograph, Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and
Chapter 16, Callister & Rethwisch 3e. Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John
(from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O. Speidel, Brown
Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.) Boveri Co.)

10