UNIT 1 -
PROGRAMMING
LECTURE 2 – BASICS OF PROGRAMMING
TOPICS
Basic terms of programming Basic algorithms
o Computer program o Min / max
o Compiler / interpreter o Sum
o Variables, constants, data types o Search
o Statements: conditional, loop
Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 2 - Basics of programming 2
COMPUTER PROGRAM
Program is to complete a task when executed on a computer
The computer itself doesn’t know how to complete the task
o A programmer must instruct the computer to do the task
o And so, programmer need to write codes for the instructions
Computer’s vocabulary only includes 1s and 0s
o Programmers can write code in 1s and 0s (punch card) – low level language
o Or in high level language (C, C++, Java) and there must be compilers to compile
the high level language to machine language
Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 2 - Basics of programming 3
EXAMPLE OF C# PROGRAM
http://csharp-station.com
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STATEMENTS/COMMENTS
Statement is instruction that programmer tells computer to do
o Every C# statement is terminated with semicolon ‘;’
Comment is explanation / guide that programmer explain to reader
some block of code and comments will not be executed
o Comment a single line with //
o Comment a block with /*….......*/
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HOW
PROGRAM IS
COMPILED &
EXECUTED
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MEMORY
• To be able to complete a task,
program needs to have the
ability to store its data
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
• Program’s data is stored in
computer’s memory 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
• Computer Memory stores data 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
in a sequence of bits (each bit
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
can either store 0 or 1)
• Even though the smallest unit is
a bit, smallest usable unit in
memory is a byte
• Each byte (8 bits) in the memory
has an unique location (its
counting index)
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VARIABLE
Data
Variable
Variable has:
• Name: grade, age, salary
Variable is used to store data • Type: integer, float, string
• Data (value): 100, 10.5, “John”
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VARIABLE
Data
Data
Variable
Variable is used to store data
“Variable” means it could store different data at
different time
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CONSTANTS/LITERALS
Constants refer to fixed values
o These fixed values are also called literals
E.g.,
o Integer constants: 1, 2, 3,…
o Floating constants: 1.1, 2.3, 4.0,...
o Character constants: ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’,…
o String literals: “Hello, there”, “Hi, there”, ...
Variables are used to hold constant values
o But at different time it can hold different constant values
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DATA TYPES
Variable must have a data type, which specifies
o Which kind of data it can contain
o Size of data to be stored in the memory (bytes)
o How to convert from them from/to binary format
Data types can be divided into
o Primitive data types e.g., int, float double, etc.
o Reference data types e.g., array, pointer, etc.
Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 2 - Basics of programming 11
DATA TYPES
variable Data
Data
Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 2 - Basics of programming 12
BASIC PROGRAMMING CONSTRUCTS
Basic programming constructs are
o Sequence, selection, and iteration (looping)
Sequence construct
o Instructions are executed in the same order as they appear
Selection structure
o Control flow can be changed by evaluating conditions
Iterative structure
o A group of instructions is executed repeatedly
o Until some condition is satisfied
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SEQUENCE CONSTRUCT
Problem: Given 2 numbers, calculate sum and print
Exercise: Enter 3 grades, calculate average grade
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CONDITIONAL CONSTRUCT
Problem: Based on grade, decide to pass or fail
Exercise: Based on age, decide
school (elementary, middle
school and high school)
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LOOP CONSTRUCT
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LOOP CONSTRUCT
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LOOP CONSTRUCT
Problem: Print 10 times the sentence “Hello World”
Exercise
o Print numbers up to 10
o Print even numbers up to 10
o Print odd numbers up to given n
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SIMPLE ALGORITHM: SWAP 2 NUMBERS
Problem: Given 2 numbers a & b. Swap values of a & b
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SIMPLE ALGORITHM: FIND MIN/MAX
Problem: Given a, b. Find min, max
Exercise: Given a, b, c. Find min (max)
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SIMPLE ALGORITHM: CALCULATE SUM
Problem: Calculate sum from 1-10
Exercise: Calculate sum from 1-n
Exercise: Calculate sum of even numbers from 1-n
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SIMPLE ALGORITHM: SEARCH
Problem: Find x in a collection of numbers
Exercise: Find all even numbers in a collection of numbers
Homework: Check if a collection of numbers contains only positive
numbers
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SUMMARY
Draw a mind-map to summarize the content of this lecture
Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 2 - Basics of programming 23
