UNIT 1 -

PROGRAMMING
LECTURE 1 - INTRODUCTION
TOPICS

 Course introduction
 Problem solving and algorithm
 Program development steps
 Practice

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 2

COURSE INTRODUCTION

 This unit introduces students to the core concepts of programming

with an introduction to algorithms and the characteristics of
programming paradigms
 On successful completion of this unit students will be able to design
and implement a simple computer program in a chosen language (C#)
within a suitable IDE (Visual Studio .NET)

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 3

LEARNING OUTCOMES

 LO1: Define basic algorithms to carry out an operation and outline the
process of programming an application.
 LO2: Explain the characteristics of procedural, object-orientated and
event-driven programming, conduct an analysis of a suitable Integrated
Development Environment (IDE)
 LO3: Implement basic algorithms in code using an IDE.
 LO4: Determine the debugging process and explain the importance of a
coding standard
Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 4
COURSE MATERIALS

 Login to CMS (http://cms.greenwich.edu.vn/) with student account (

[email protected])
 Choose correct class
 Enroll by class name (GCH0x0x)
 CMS Folder:
o Slides o Assignment 1
o Demo o Assignment 2

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 5

COURSE PREPARATION

 Drawing tools (choose one):

o Visio
o Draw.io or Lucichart (online)
o Astah (recommendation, using student email to register full version)
 IDE
o Visual Studio Community 2017

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 6

COURSE READING

 Slides on CMS
 C# 6.0 and .NET Framework 4.6
o http://library.books24x7.com/toc.aspx?bookid=104367
o Registered with student email
 Mohammad Rahman, Expert C#5.0 with .NET 4.5 Framework

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 7

PROBLEM SOLVING

It’s a creative process, it is an act of

o Defining a problem
o Determining the cause of the problem
o Identifying, prioritizing, and selecting alternative for a solution
o Implementing a solution

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 8

 ALGORITHM
 An algorithm is a step-by-
step description of the
solution to a problem
 An algorithm must be
o Definite
o Finite
o Precise and Effective
o Implementation
independent
Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction http://www. incredibleegg.org 9
STEPS IN PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

The various steps involved are

o Defining or Analyzing the problem
o Design (Algorithm)
o Coding
o Documenting the program
o Compiling and running the program
o Testing and Debugging
o Maintenance
Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 10
ANALYZING OR DEFINING THE PROBLEM

The problem is defined by doing a preliminary investigation

Defining a problem helps us to understand problem clearly
It is also known as Program Analysis

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 11

TASKS IN DEFINING A PROBLEM

 Followings are the tasks in order to

define a problem
o Specifying the input requirements
o Specifying the output requirements
o Specifying the processing requirements

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 12

SPECIFYING THE INPUT REQUIREMENTS

The input specification is obtained by answering following questions

o What specific values will be provided as input to the program?
o What format will the values be?
o For each input item, what is the valid range of values that it may assume?
o What restrictions are placed on the use of these values?

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 13

SPECIFYING THE OUTPUT REQUIREMENTS

The output specification is obtained by answering the following

questions
o What values will be produced?
o What is the format of these values?
o What specific annotation, headings, or titles are required in the report?
o What is the amount of output that will be produced?

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 14

SPECIFYING THE PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS

The processing requirement is obtained by answering following

questions
o What is the method (technique) required in producing the desired output?
o What are the validation checks that need to be applied to the input data?
o What calculations are needed?

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 15

ACTIVITY: FIND FACTORIAL NUMBER

Input?
Output?
Process?

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 16

ACTIVITY FIND FACTORIAL NUMBER

Input: Positive integer number

Output: Factorial of that number
Process: Solution technique which transforms input to output. Factorial
of a number can be calculated by the formula n!=1*2*3*…*n

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 17

USE-CASE DIAGRAM

Use case diagrams are used to gather the requirements of a system

So when a system is analyzed to gather its functionalities use cases are
prepared and actors are identified.
The purposes of use case diagrams can be as follows:
o Used to gather requirements of a system
o Used to get an outside view of a system
o Identify external and internal factors influencing the system
o Show the interacting among the requirements are actors
Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 18
MAIN ELEMENTS OF USE-CASE DIAGRAM

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 19

ACTIVITY: DRAW USE-CASE DIAGRAM

You are hired to develop FAI’s library system with following description
Admin who could
- Manage books, readers (staff, lecturers, and students), etc.
- Manage borrow/return books
Users (staff, lecturers, students) who could
- View/search books
- Reserve books
- Borrow/return books
Please draw Use-case diagram for this scenario
Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 20
STEPS IN PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

The various steps involved are

o Defining or Analyzing the problem
o Design (Algorithm)
o Coding
o Documenting the program
o Compiling and running the program
o Testing and Debugging
o Maintenance
Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 21
DESIGN

A design is the path from the problem to a solution in code

The well designed program is likely to be:
o Easier to read and understand later
o Less of bugs and errors
o Easier to extend to add new features
o Easier to program in the first place

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 22

MODULAR DESIGN

Once the problem is defined clearly, several design methodologies can

be applied
An important approach is Top-Down program design
It is structured design technique
o It breaks up the problem into a set of sub-problems called Modules
o It creates a hierarchical structure of the modules

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 23

FLOWCHART

Flowchart is a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm

It uses different symbols to represent the sequence of operations,
required to solve a problem
It serves as a blueprint or a logical diagram of the solution to a problem

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 24

FLOWCHART SYMBOLS (1/2)

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 25

FLOWCHART SYMBOLS (2/2)

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 26

ACTIVITY: DRAWING FLOWCHART

 Draw a flowchart for the algorithm to

find factorial number in previous
activity

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 27

CODING

An algorithm expressed in programming languages is called Program

Writing a program is called Coding
The logic that has been developed in the algorithm is used to write
program

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 28

DOCUMENTING THE PROGRAM

Document explains
o How the program works and how to use the program (user manual)
o How to maintain the program (developer manual)
Details of particular programs, or particular pieces of programs, are
easily forgotten or confused without suitable documentation

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 29

FORMS OF DOCUMENTATION

Documentation comes in two forms

o External documentation, which includes things such as reference manuals,
algorithm descriptions, flowcharts, and project workbooks
o Internal documentation, which is part of the source code itself (essentially, the
declarations, statements, and comments)

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 30

COMPILING AND EXECUTING THE PROGRAM

Compilation is a process of translating a source program into machine

understandable form
The compiler is system software
o It examines each instruction for its correctness
o It does the translation
During the execution
o Program is loaded into the computer’s memory
o The program instructions are executed
Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 31
TESTING

Testing is the process of executing a program with the deliberate intent of

finding errors
Testing is needed to check whether the expected output matches the actual
output
Testing is done during every phase of program development
Initially, requirements can be tested for its correctness
Then, the design (algorithm, flow charts) can be tested for its exactness and
efficiency
o Structured walk through is made to verify the design
Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 32
TEST CRITERIA

Programs are tested with several test criteria and the important ones
are given below
o Test whether each and every statement in the program is executed at least one
(Basic path testing)
o Test whether every branch in the program is traversed at least once (control
flow)
o Test whether the input data flows through the program and is converted to an
output (data flow)

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 33

DEBUGGING

Debugging is a process of correcting the errors

o Programs may have logical errors which cannot be caught during compilation
o Debugging is the process of identifying their root causes
o One of the ways is to print out the intermediate results at strategic points of
computation
o Another way is to use support from the IDE
Testing vs Debugging
o Testing means detecting errors
o Debugging means diagnosing and correcting the root causes
Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 34
MAINTENANCE

Program maintenance
o Continuing process of maintenance and modification
o To keep pace with changing requirements and technologies
Maintainability of the program is achieved by
o Modularizing it
o Providing proper documentation for it
o Following standards and conventions (naming conventions, using symbolic
constants, etc.)
Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 35
WHAT IS A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE?

It is an art of making a computer to do the required operations

o By means of issuing sequence of commands to it
It can be defined as
o A vocabulary (unique set of characters/keywords)
o A set of grammatical rules (syntax)
The term programming languages usually refers to high-level languages
o E.g., BASIC, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Ada, and Pascal

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 36

TYPES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

There are two major types of programming languages

o Low level languages (LLL)
o High level languages (HLL)

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 37

WHAT MAKES A GOOD LANGUAGE?

Every language has its strengths and weaknesses

FORTRAN is good for numeric data but not good to organize large program
PASCAL is good for structured and readable programs, but it is not as
flexible as C
C++ has powerful object-oriented features, but it is complex and difficult to
learn
The choice of PL depends on type of the computer used, type of program,
and the expertise of the programmer
Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 38
DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENTS

Programming on Host Environment:

o The environment under which a program is designed, coded, tested &
debugged
Operating on Target Environment
o The external environment which supports the execution of a program Target

Hello.c Hello.exe
Hello.exe
Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 39
SUMMARY

 Draw a mind-map to summary the content of this lecture

Unit 1 - Programming / Lecture 1 - Introduction 40