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CNC

CNC machines are computer numerical control machines that use coded numerical instructions and software to control machine tools like lathes, mills, and more. A CNC program is a set of coded instructions that are written in blocks to tell the CNC machine what motions and functions to perform. CNC machines offer advantages like high precision, repeatability, flexibility, and higher productivity compared to manual machines, but require more costly setups and programming knowledge.

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HARISH VERMA
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104 views11 pages

CNC

CNC machines are computer numerical control machines that use coded numerical instructions and software to control machine tools like lathes, mills, and more. A CNC program is a set of coded instructions that are written in blocks to tell the CNC machine what motions and functions to perform. CNC machines offer advantages like high precision, repeatability, flexibility, and higher productivity compared to manual machines, but require more costly setups and programming knowledge.

Uploaded by

HARISH VERMA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CNC

WHAT IS CNC MACHINE ?

COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL MACHINE

• WHY IT IS CALLED AS CNC ?


Since the information required to actuate and control slides of the
machine are coded numerically, this technology came to be known as
Numerical Control.
• WHAT IS CNC ?
Computerized Numerical Control is a numerical control system that
utilizes a dedicated stored programmed. Computer is used to perform
some or all basic function. Numerical control is a programmable
automation in which process is controlled by Numbers, Letters, and
symbols. (Computer +NC= CNC).
• WHAT IS CNC PROGRAM ?
A CNC Program is a set of instruction in the coded form.
Coded instruction are written in lines called blocks
• Blocks-G21, G97, G98
• Computer----Controller----CNC M/c
• Write Program—Load Program—Send electrical signals to CNC M/C

CNC Machines- Advantages/Disadvantages


Advantages:
• High Repeatability and Precision E.g. Aircraft parts
• Volume of production is very high
• Complex contours/surfaces need to be machined.
• Flexibility in job change, automatic tool settings, less scrap
• More safe, higher productivity, better quality
Disadvantages:
• Costly setup, skilled operators
• Computers, programming knowledge required
• Maintenance is difficult
• What the Programmer has to do to make Part
Programming ?
• Study the relevant component drawing thoroughly.
• Identify the type of material to be machined.
• Determine the specifications & function of M/C to be
used.
• Decide the dimension and mode: -metric or inch.
• Decide the coordinate system: -Absolute or Incremental.
• Determine the cutting parameters for the job/tool
combination.
• Decide the feed rate programming: -MM/MIN or M/Rev.
• Check the tooling required.
• Establish the sequence of machining operations.
• Part Programme
The coded instructions or commands listed in a logical sequence to have a
machine tool perform a specific tasks or a series of tasks in order to produce a
finished product in the minimum amount of time.
• Programming Key Letters
O - Program number (Used for program identification)
N - Sequence number (Used for line identification)
G - Preparatory function
X - X axis designation
Y - Y axis designation
Z - Z axis designation
R - Radius designation
F – Feed rate designation
S - Spindle speed designation
H - Tool length offset designation
T - Tool Designation
M - Miscellaneous function
• CNC MACHINE CODE
G CODE –PREPARATORY CODES
THESE CODES ARE RELATED TO CUTTING CONDITION &TOOL
MOTION.
EXAMPLE –G01- LINEAR TOOL MOTION WITH FEED RATE.

M CODE-MISCELLANEOUS CODE
EXAMPLE- M08 - COOLENT ON M09 - COOLENT OFF
• List of G-codes
• G00 - Positioning rapid traverse
• G01 - Linear interpolation (feed)
• G02 - Circular interpolation CW
• G03 - Circular interpolation CCW
• G04 - Dwell
• G20 - Inch unit
• G21 - Metric unit
• G28 - Automatic zero return
• G40 - Tool nose radius compensation cancel
• G41 - Tool nose radius compensation left
• G42 - Tool nose radius compensation right
• G43 - Tool length compensation
• G54 - Work co-ordinate system 1 selection
• G55 - Work co-ordinate system 2 selection
• G56 - Work co-ordinate system 3 selection
• G57 - Work co-ordinate system 4 selection
• G58 - Work co-ordinate system 5 selection
• G59 - Work co-ordinate system 6 selection
• G80 - Canned cycle cancel
• G81 - Drilling cycle
• G82 - Drilling cycle with dwell
• G83 - Peck drilling cycle / deep drill
• G84 - Tapping cycle
• G90 - Absolute command
• G91 - Incremental command
• G94 - Feed per minute
• G95 - Feed per revolution
• G98 - Return to initial point in canned cycle
• G99 - Return to R point in canned cycle
• List of M codes
M codes vary from machine to machine depending on the functions
available on it. They are decided by the manufacturer of the machine. The M
codes listed below are the common ones.
M00 - Optional program stop automatic
M01 - Optional program stop request
M02 - Program end
M03 - Spindle ON clock wise (CW)
M04 - Spindle ON counter clock wise (CCW)
M05 - Spindle stop
M06 - Tool change
M07 - Mist coolant ON (coolant 1 ON)
M08 - Flood coolant ON (coolant 2 ON)
M09 - Coolant OFF
M30 - End of program, Reset to start
M98 - Sub program call
M99 - Sub program end
• REFERENCE POINT AND RETURN
G28 - Return To Reference Point, set optional intermediate
point.
The G28 code is used to return to the machine zero
position on all axes. If an X, Y, Z axis is on the same block
and specifies a location, only those axes will move and
return to the machines zero reference point and the
movement to the machines zero reference point will be
through that specified location.
Format: -G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0;
• HOME POSITION
The point from which the tool starts the program execution
and to which the tool return is known tool home position.
This is the position, where a change in the tool usually
takes place. So this position is known as tool change
position.

• TOOL OFFSET
Tool offset is the distance of tool from job zero through X,
Z axis in case of CNC lathe when the tool is at home
position. Tool offset is taken to assign zero on job.

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