Renewable and Distributed Generation

Technology

An Elective Course to MSc in Power

System Engineering
History of Power System
 History of Power
System

New York City streets in

1890. Besides telegraph
lines, multiple electric lines
were required for each class
of device requiring different
voltages.
 History of Power System
• Early power plants were distributed since the
transmission and distribution system were not well
developed and many users had to provide the power
themselves.
• Before WWII, many industries had on-site generation
• After WWII, utilities developed large power stations to
take advantage of the economics of scale and the
improved efficiency of larger power plants
History of Power System
History of Power System
Electric Power System structure

• Bigger the
better
(generation
• Larger the
transmission
voltage better
performances
Today’s Electric
Power System
• Centralized
• One-way power flow
• Regulated Monopoly
• Generation
• Transmission
• Distribution
• Retail
 Industrial
 Commercial
 Residential
 Inflexible demand
• Aging Infrastructure
• Manual operations
• Increasing renewables
• Lacks interoperability

8
 Central Power Generation (today)
 The current model for electricity generation and distribution in the world
is dominated by centralized power plants. The power at these plants is
typically combustion (coal, oil, and natural) or nuclear generated.
Centralized power models, like this, require distribution from the center
to outlying consumers. Current substations can be anywhere from 10s to
100s of miles away from the actual users of the power generated. This
requires transmission across the distance.
 This system of centralized power plants has many disadvantages. In
addition to the transmission distance issues, these systems contribute to
greenhouse gas emission, the production of nuclear waste, inefficiencies
and power loss over the lengthy transmission lines, environmental
distribution where the power lines are constructed, and security related
issues.
 Depletion of fossil fuel due to ever increasing rate of fuel consumption
(Lack of sustainability)
 What happen in next 100 years or so?
 Central Power Generation (today)
• Remote, Large, Expensive
• Long Distance Delivery
• Fossil Fuel Plants
– Waste Heat (Nuclear)
– Environment Unfriendly (Co2)
– Health Unfriendly (Nox, So2, Pm10, Hg)
• Nuclear Plants
– Waste Disposal
– Safety against the natural hazards
• Hydroelectric Plants
– Flooding
• Unreliable (2000-2003)
– 110 Grid Failures
– Cost $80-123 B./Yr
– Adds 29-45% To Electric Bill

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 World primary energy consumption

BP website (BP.com)
Fuel consumption pie-chart
World Energy Status 2002
 Depletion of fossils fuels
Oil & Gas Production Forecasts
Energy Effeciency

http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/USenergyFlow99-quads_Internet.jpg
What to do? What’s best?
Renewable and Distributed
Generation
What is Distributed GEneration
 Distributed Generation
 Located next to user
 Range of energy sources
 Fossil fuel, waste gas, renewables,
 Hydrogen
 Capacity kw –Mw
 Economic benefits
 “Waste” heat used
 Lowers fossil fuel use
 Low investment
 Power failure losses eliminated
 Environmental/ health costs reduced
 Grid costs – peak/capital
 Lower electric bills  
 Flexibility of location
 Cogeneration
 Combined heat & power (CHP)
 Micropower

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 DG Benefits Highlight
• Reliability
– The end user can have a higher reliability source of power.
• Can Reduce Electrical Grid Expenditures
– Local energy production can reduce the load on the transmission and
distribution grid if done properly and properly coordinated with the
utility.
• Efficiency
– Distributed energy systems that utilize cogeneration can have a higher efficiency
than central power plants that only produce electricity.
• Low Emissions
– Fossil fuel powered, distributed energy systems are now available with very low
emissions and alternative energy systems may have zero emissions.
DG Benefits Highlights
 Sources of DG
• Solar – photovoltaic and thermal
• Wind Turbines
• Hydroelectric (small scale)
• Geothermal
• Oceanic
• Fossil Fuels
– Combined Heat & Power (CHP)

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DG vs Central Power Generation
System
Relationship Between DG..
Cost Comparison
Cost Comaparison
Cost of Energy Comparison
 CG vs. DG Today
CG DG
Waste Energy % 67 10
Delivered Electricity % 33 90
Total Costs ($)
– Generation 4.2 5.2
– T&D 6.6 0.6
– Total 10.8 5.8

CO2 X 0.5X
Oil Equivalent (BB) Y -122
Fossil Fuel Sales (Trillions $) Z -2.87

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 CG vs. DG in 2020
CG DG
Capital $B 831 504
Total Power Cost $B 145 55
Unit Power Cost ¢/kWh 8.6 5.5
 
Emissions
– CO2 X 0.5X
– NOx A 0.4A
– SO2 B 0.1B

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Enabling DG Technologies (go to
next file)
 Figure 10: EU Re ne wable Ene rgy Targe ts -- S hare of Ele ctricity by 2010

EU-25 21.0%
Aus tria 78.0%
S we de n 60.0%
La tvia 49.3%
P ortuga l 39.0%
S love nia 33.6%
Finla nd 31.5%
S lova k Re public 31.0%
S pa in 29.4% The re a re a ls o ta rge ts in some countrie s
De nma rk 29.0% for s ha re s of tota l e ne rgy by 2010:
Ita ly 25.0% EU-25 12%
Fra nce 21.0% Lithua nia 12%
Gre e ce 20.1%
P ola nd 7.5%
Ire la nd 13.2%
La tvia 6%
Ge rma ny 12.5%
Unite d Kingdom 10.0% Cze ch R. 5-6%
Ne the rla nds 9.0% Ge rma ny 4%
Cze ch Re public 8.0% Fra nce 7%
P ola nd 7.5% S pa in 12.1%
Lithua nia 7.0%
Cyprus 6.0%
Be lgium 6.0% Ba s e line (Actua l) 1997 Le ve l
Luxe mbourg 5.7% Ta rge t by 2010
Ta rge t
Es tonia 5.1%
Ma lta 5.0%
S ource : REN21 Re ne wable s Global S tatus Re port 2006 Update , www.re n21.ne t
Hunga ry 3.6%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
 Issues of DG

 Renewable resources are intermittent in nature,

demanding dedicated storage system
 Conventional distribution systems need adequate
protection in order to accommodate exchange of power
(System protection under two way exchange of power )
 Very complex network
 Ac or dc interconnection
 Harmonics
 Islanding
IEEE 1547 standard, still under formulation
 Stability with high penetration
 Safety concerns with energy generated from multiple
sources
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 3

Renewable Power Issues 2

2001

Wind speed varies with

seconds, minutes,
hours, days, months.

10d 4d 24h 10h 2h 1h 30m 10m 3m 1m 30s 10s 5s

Frequency log(f)

Variation of wind
turbulence is
comparable with load

Kyoto University
DG interconnection Layout
 MicroGrid Concept
What is it?
Coordinated electrical subsystem with
• Multiple Distributed Energy Resources
(DER)
• Multiple loads
• Distribution voltage interconnections
• Capable of (macro) grid independent and
dispatchable grid interactive operation
 Micro grid Concept

MG
Domain
 Micro grid Concept
What is driving it?
• Restructuring of the Electric Power Industry
• Advances in Technology
• New Environmental Regulations
– Increasing intermittent renewable penetrations
• Increasing Power Quality Concerns
• Heightened Reliability Awareness
• Potential efficiency benefits of CHP
 MicroGrid Paradigm
 Dispatchable load
Utility  Responds to real-time pricing
13.8 kV  Simple protection

Customer  Local voltage control

 Local Power management
5  Manage fluctuation, flicker
 Increase penetration level
8 M5
 Loss reduction
M8
Loads, micro-  Use of waste heat
sources & storage
Emerging Topic in Power System
Smartgrid
What does the concept of Smart Grid look like?

Electrical Infrastructure

“Intelligence” Infrastructure

39
 Smart Grid Applications

Demand Response and Dynamic Pricing

Distributed Generation and Alternate Energy Sources

Self-Healing Wide-Area Protection and Islanding

Asset Management and On-Line Equipment Monitoring

Real-time Simulation and Contingency Analysis

Participation in Energy Markets

Shared Information – Continuously Optimizing – Intelligent

Responses! 40
 Let’s get more specific

Smart grid is an electric system that leverages technology and

physical assets with:
 Advanced hardware (power electronics, more efficient generation,
meters, appliances and end-use devices, communications networks)
 Advanced software (better modeling and data analysis, linkage
between applications)
 Advanced materials (cables, silicon, superconductors,
semiconductors)
To produce better grid efficiency and reliability using interoperability and
distributed, interactive intelligence embedded across the network
and its actors.
Smart grid will encompass and enable efficiency, demand response,
renewables, distributed generation, PHEVs….

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Proposed Microgrid Under Smart Grid Paradigm

Source Selection

Autonomous
Microgrid
•Encapsulated fluctuation
•Demand response
•Bi-directional data and energy
flow
•Capable to select source/load
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 Prognosis
 Renewable and DG is the only Area in Power System in which
System level Research are going on with full acceleration
 In other area, system level research are virtually saturated and
research are on the element level
 In this semester we will start with
 Overview of DG and Renewable technology
 Looking inside the black box (modeling..)
 Then move into
 Interconnection technologies/issues
 DG control and operation (with focus on wind and PV)
 And further
 Microgrid Realm
 Planning, Operation, Control
 …
 Course Expectation
 At the end of this course student are expected to
learn
 Position of RE and DG technology in Modern Power
grid
 Insight of DG attributes
 Interconnection, interfacing technologies; power
electronics interface
 Dynamic simulation skill
 Microgrid
 A good research project/thesis in any of above
field