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Fundamentals of Equalizers and Linear Equalizers

This document discusses wireless communication fundamentals including equalizers and linear equalizers. It covers topics such as inter-symbol interference, methods to reduce bit error rate including equalization, diversity and channel coding. It describes the operating modes of adaptive equalizers including training and tracking modes. It also provides an overview of equalizer types and structures, and the basic operation of linear equalizers.

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621 views22 pages

Fundamentals of Equalizers and Linear Equalizers

This document discusses wireless communication fundamentals including equalizers and linear equalizers. It covers topics such as inter-symbol interference, methods to reduce bit error rate including equalization, diversity and channel coding. It describes the operating modes of adaptive equalizers including training and tracking modes. It also provides an overview of equalizer types and structures, and the basic operation of linear equalizers.

Uploaded by

Thota Deep
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Wireless Communications

Lecture
Fundamentals of
Equalizers and Linear
Equalizers
Topics
:
 Review of relevant concepts
 Inter Symbol Interference
 Methods to reduce BER
 Equalization
 Diversity
 Channel Coding

 Fundamentals of Equalization
 A Generic Adaptive
Equalizer
2
Review of Relevant Concepts

Fadin
g:

Frequency Other
Flat
Selective Multi- path
Fading Fading Concerns

3
Inter Symbol Interference Representation

4
Methods to reduce BER: Equalization

 It is the technique used for compensating Inter


Symbol Interference created by multipath within
time dispersive channels.

 An Equalizer within a receiver compensates for the


average range of expected channel amplitude and
delay characteristics.

 Equalizers must be adaptive as the channel is


generally unknown and time varying.

5
Methods to reduce BER: Diversity

 It is the technique used to compensate for fading


channel impairments.
 It is implemented by using two or more receiving
antennas.
 Diversity is usually employed to reduce the depth
and duration of the fades experienced by a receiver
in a flat fading channel.
 These techniques can be employed at both base
station and mobile receivers.
6
Methods to reduce BER: Channel Coding

 The technique which improves mobile communication


link performance by adding redundant data bits in the
transmitted message.
 A channel coder maps a digital message sequence into
another specific containing greater number of bits than
originally contained in the message.
 The coded message is then modulated for transmission
in the wireless channel.

7
Fundamentals of Equalization

 ISI has been recognized as the major obstacle to


high speed data transmission over mobile radio
channels.
 Equalization is a technique used to combat inter
symbol interference.
 As the mobile fading channels are random and time
varying, equalizers must track the time varying
characteristics of the mobile channel, and thus are
called adaptive equalizers.

8
Operating modes of adaptive
equalizer
 Training mode
 Initially, a known, fixed length training sequence is sent by the
transmitter so that equalizer at receiver may adapt to proper setting.
 The training sequence is a pseudo random signal or a fixed,
prescribed bit pattern. Immediately following the training sequence,
the user data is sent.
 The training sequence is designed to permit an equalizer at the
receiver to acquire the proper filter coefficients in the worst possible
channel conditions.
 Adaptive equalizer at the receiver utilizes a recursive algorithm to
evaluate the channel and estimate filter coefficients to compensate for
the distortion created by multipath in channel.

9
Operating modes of adaptive
equalizer
 Tracking Mode
 When the data of the users are received, the adaptive
algorithm of the equalizer tracks the changing
channel.
 As a result of this, the adaptive equalizer
continuously changes the filter characteristics over
time.
 When an equalizer has been properly trained, it is
said to have
converged.

10
Burst Structure for Equalization

11
Block Diagram of Adaptive Equalizer

12
Working of an Adaptive Equalizer

 The goal of equalization is to satisfy the following


equations
𝑔 𝑡 = 𝑓 ∗ 𝑡 ⊗ 𝑕 𝑒 𝑞 𝑡 = 𝛿(𝑡)

𝐻𝑒𝑞 𝑓 𝐹 ∗ −𝑓 = 1

 Where 𝐻𝑒𝑞(𝑓) and 𝐹(𝑓) are Fourier transforms of


𝑕 𝑒 𝑞 (𝑡 ) and 𝑓(𝑡) respectively.

13
Types and structures of equalizers

14
A Generic Adaptive Equalizer

15
Basic Equalizer Structure

16
Basic Equalizer Structure

17
Linear Equalizer Structure

18
Linear Equalizer (Lattice)

19
Characteristics of Lattice Structure

 Advantages
 Numerical stability
 Faster convergence
 Unique structure allows the dynamic
assignment of the most effective length

 Disadvantages
 The structure is more complicated

20
Conclusions of Linear
Equalizers

 Linear equalizer can be implemented as an FIR


filter

 The current and past values of the received signal


are linearly summed to produce the output.

 It can also be implemented as a lattice filter.

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