SHAYBAH NGL PROJECT

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FALLS IN CONSTRUCTION
• In 2003, OSHA inspected 707 fatal construction
incidents involving 730 fatalities. Five of the 30
proximal causes accounted for 296(41.9%) of the fatal
events investigated.
They were:
-Fall from/through roofs: 76 events(10.7%)
-Fall from/with structures: 74 events(10.5%)
-Crushed/Runover of Non-Operator of Construction
Equipment: 56 events(7.9%)
-Electrocution by Equipment Contacting Energized
Wire: 47 events(6.6%)
-Electrocution from Equipment Installation/Tool
Use: 43 events(6.1%) 2
INTRODUCTION
If a body falls, how long will it take to fall?
Time Distance Distance
(Sec) (Meters) (Feet)
0.5 1.2 4
1 5 16
2 20 64
3 31 100

How severe can be the impact of fall?

• The impact force in case of fall from 1.8 meter height - More
than 10 times of your weight

Height
0.3 1.2 1.8 2.7 4.9 7.6 11.0 14.9
(m)
Velocity
2.4 4.9 6.1 7.3 9.7 12.2 14.6 17.1
(m/s)
Impact Force 3
182  726 1,090 1,634 2,906 4,540 6,356 8,898
(kg)
WORKING AT HEIGHTS

Working on temporary or permanent

structures that are greater than 1.8
meters above the ground or floor level

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WORKING AT HEIGHTS ACTIVITIES

Working on:

• Ladder • Stairways
• Scaffold • Roofing
• Platforms • High rise
• Cranes structure
• Man lifts • And a lot more
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WHERE IS FALL PROTECTION REQUIRED

Working on / at:

• Walls • Excavations
• Floor openings • Wells
• Unprotected • Pits
sides • Leading edges
• Steep or low • And more….
slope roofs
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WORKING AT HEIGHT - HAZARDS
Working at a significant elevation above
the ground or floor level can result in:

• Person falling • Dropping an

to the ground. object which
could strike
another worker
• Person falling
from higher
elevation to lower
elevation.
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REQUIREMENTS FOR ELEVATED WORK
• If horizontal travel distance exceeds 15 m (50 feet) each
elevated work area shall have at least 2 means of exit.
• Good housekeeping shall be maintained to help prevent
slips, trips and falls. Oil spills, mud, scrap and other
debris shall be cleaned up immediately.
• Provide fixed fall protection systems (e.g.,temporary or
permanent platforms with a complete guardrail system
consisting of toprails, midrails and toeboards provided at
all open edges) or personal fall arrest systems.
• Cables shall be supported at least 2.4 meters (8 ft)
above walkways and platforms by nonconductive
material(s).
• Protective screens shall be installed at toeboard, midrail
and toprail where there is danger of personnel being 8

struck by falling objects from elevated work areas.

CAUSES OF FALLING FROM HEIGHT
• ENGINEERING FACTORS
Missing guardrails and safety
harnesses, unreliable or unstable
scaffoldings, floors, ladders.

• PROCESS FACTORS
Mistakes in method statement or
operation procedures;

• PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTOR
Fear, coordination impairment,
careless moves, unsafe behavior;

• WEATHER FACTOR
Strong wind, extremely hot or cold 9
temperature, rain, snow, fog, ice.
COMMON TYPES OF FALL FROM HEIGHT

 To the ground or another level

 From scaffolding
 From ladders
 Into holes, trenches, etc.
 Into water.

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HAZARD CONTROL
FALL PREVENTIONS
• Guardrail Systems
• Warning Barriers Systems
• Handrails Systems
• Proper Use of Ladder System
• Ladder Cage System
• Surface Opening Protection
• Travel Restrain System

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HAZARD CONTROL
FALL PROTECTIONS
• Personal Fall Arrest System
• Retractable Lifeline
• Rope grab
• Safety Net System

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GUARDRAIL SYSTEM
SPECIFICATIONS
MAXIMUM 2 METERS APART

TOPRAIL HEIGHT 38 in ~ 45 in

MIDRAIL BETWEEN PLAFORM & TOPRAIL

TOEBOARD HEIGHT 6 in.

1. The toprail needs to withstand a force of 200 pounds

when applied in any downward or outward direction.
2. The midrail needs to withstand a force of 150 pounds
applied in any downward or outward direction 13
3. Toeboard should be capable to withstand a force of at
least 50 pounds
WARNING BARRIER SYSTEM
SPECIFICATIONS

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WARNING BARRIER SYSTEM
SPECIFICATIONS
1. Consist of ropes, wires, or chains, and supporting
stanchions.
2. Post are not more than 6 ft. intervals with high visibility
materials for flags.
3. Rigged and supported so that the lowest point including
sag is no less than 34 inches (0.9 m) from the working
surface and its highest point is no more 39 inches
(1.0 m) from the working surface.
4. Warning barriers shall be erected around all sides of the
work area.
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WARNING BARRIER SYSTEM
IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW THAT:
• It is used to indicate to workers that they are
approaching a hazardous zone where a potential fall
exists
• It is use where it is not reasonably possible to provide
fixed barriers protection

Note: A warning system is not a substitute for

guard railing as it offers no protection to the
worker who must go near the edge of a work
area 16
HANDRAIL SYSTEM
SPECIFICATIONS
• A means to support to a worker moving up and
down the access way
• Handrails should be designed as guardrail

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PROPER USE OF LADDER
SPECIFICATIONS
• Not designed to work from
but to gain access
• Aluminum Ladders - no
handmade ladders allowed
• Use correctly (tied, footed)
• Never climb with one hand.
Use the 3 point contact rule
at all times
• Observe the proper angle of
the ladder (75⁰ angle)
• Minimum of 1 meter above 18

the top surface

PROPER USE OF LADDER

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LADDER CAGE SYSTEM

It is a permanent
structure attached to
a ladder that provides
a barrier between the
worker and the
surrounding place

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CRANE SUSPENDED MAN BASKET
REQUIREMENTS
• Rejected manbaskets shall be
tagged with a red “Rejected”
sticker.
• A valid third party inspection sticker
shall be attached with manbasket.
• Crane suspended personnel
platform (manbasket) permit shall
be obtained prior to lift.
• Rigger-1 or 2 shall be physically
present & in- charge of operation.
• Operation not allowed when wind
speed exceeds 15 mph (24 kph).
• Crane capacity shall not exceed 21
50% during man basket operation.
SURFACE PROTECTION SYSTEM
• Surface openings in
floors and other walking
surfaces where workers
have access, must be
protected by guardrailing
or secured wood or
metal cover
• Coverings must be
capable of supporting all
loads
• Covering must also be
identified to indicate that
there is an opening
below 22
SURFACE PROTECTION SYSTEM
• If a fixed barrier or surface cover is removed, proper
travel restrain or fall arrest systems must be provided
for any worker who becomes at risk of falling

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TRAVEL RESTRAIN SYSTEM
• Is intended to limit the
worker’s movement so the
worker is unable to reach
a location where there is a
risk of falling
• Safety Harness, lifelines,
lanyard, anchorage
• Secured to an anchorage
capable of supporting
3000 pounds.
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PFAS FALL ARREST SYSTEM(PFAS)
SAFETY HARNESS

• The harness will provide the greatest

protection for your body in a fall situation

• The harness has a tolerable suspension

time of 15 minutes, which allows plenty of
time for rescue in most situations.

• The D-ring on your upper back is for fall

arrest; make sure your anchor point is
always above this location to limit the
height of your fall. 25
PFAS SYSTEM SAFETY HARNESS

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PFAS SYSTEM SAFETY HARNESS

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PFAS SYSTEM SAFETY HARNESS
Why above your head..?

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PFAS SYSTEM
 Lanyards shall be attached (i.e., “tied off”) to an anchor
point or horizontal/vertical lifeline that is high enough to
prevent the worker from free falling more than 1.8 m (6
ft) or striking any lower level during a fall (e.g., shock-
absorbing lanyards are to be attached at least 5.5 m [18
ft] above the impact surface).

 Lanyards shall not be connected together.

Self-retracting lifelines (inertia reels) are
to be used when a longer lanyard is needed.

 Self-retracting lifelines shall not be

connected to a lanyard, but shall be directly attached
to the D-ring on the full-body harness. 29
PFAS SYSTEM

 Safety devices that can be added to ladders to prevent falls,

such as rope grabs or other approved descent-limiting
devices, shall be used where practical.
 Rope grabs and other fall arrest equipments shall be ANSI
Z359 compliant.
 Fall arrest equipment shall limit the maximum arresting force
on the user’s body to 818 kg (1,800 lb).

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HORIZONTAL LIFELINES
SPECIFICATION
 Be a minimum 12 mm (1/2 inch) diameter wire rope having a
breaking strength specified by the manufacturer of at least
9,000 kg (20,000 lb). Other materials, such as manila, nylon
or polypropylene rope, shall not be used as a horizontal
lifeline.
 Have a safety factor of at least two against failure (including
anchor points) and be capable of supporting 2,268 kg (5,000
lb) per person attached, applied anywhere along the lifeline.
 Be designed by a degreed structural engineer, and the
material specifications, calculations and drawings shall be
submitted to the SAPO for review prior to installation.
 Not have an unloaded sag at the center of the lifeline greater
than 3 cm (12 inches) for every 10 m (33 ft) of lifeline length
between anchor points and have a means of tensioning, e.g.,
turnbuckles. 31
HORIZONTAL LIFELINES
SPECIFICATION
 Have no more than three persons attached at one time
between anchor points, unless designed by a degreed
structural engineer in accordance with the above safety factor
for the maximum number of persons expected to be attached to
the lifeline at one time.
 Be installed at the highest possible point, preferably above
shoulder height.
 Have softeners where the lifeline could contact sharp edges.
 Be free of splices.

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VERTICAL LIFELINES
SPECIFICATION
 Have only one person attached at a time.
 Be attached to an anchor point that is capable of supporting at least
2,268 kg (5,000 lb) dead weight.
 Be made from wire rope with a minimum diameter of 10 mm (3/8
inch).
 Be used with rope grab devices or with connectors designed for shock
absorbing lanyard attachments.

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SAFETY NET SYSTEM
SPECIFICATIONS:
• Safety nets must be installed as
close as practicable under the
working surface and never more than
25 ft. below such level.
• Installed with sufficient clearance
underneath to prevent contact with
the surface or structure below.
• The maximum size of each safety net
mesh opening shall not exceed 36
square inches nor be longer than 6
inches of any sides.
• Each safety net or section shall have
a border rope for webbing with a
minimum breaking strength of 5000 34

pounds.
SAFETY NET SYSTEM
SPECIFICATIONS:
• Safety nets must extend outward from the outermost
projection of the work surface as follows

0 – 5 ft. 8 ft

10 ft
5 - 10 ft.

More than
13 ft
10 ft.

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SAFETY NET SYSTEM
Ensure Following:
• Fall protection equipment is
inspected by competent person at
least monthly.
• Installed with sufficient clearance
underneath to prevent contact with
the surface or structure below.
• The maximum size of each safety net
mesh opening shall not exceed 36
square inches nor be longer than 6
inches of any sides.
• Each safety net or section shall have
a border rope for webbing with a
minimum breaking strength of 5000 36

pounds.
PERSONELL SHALL NOT WORK AT
HEIGHT WHEN:

 When feeling fatigue or

dizziness
 If fall protection equipment
is defective or damaged
 During high winds (speed
of approximately 65 kph or
greater)
 If scaffolds are covered
with ice or snow
 When visibility is poor

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WORK AT HEIGHT CHECKS
(During work on Scaffoldings)

 Scaffolding is safe to use.

 Personnel on Yellow tag scaffolding wearing FBH.

 No body is on scaffolding when it is Red tag.

 Workers wearing FBH are hooked up.

 If wind speed is more than 65kph, no body at height.

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WORK AT HEIGHT CHECKS
(During work on Platforms)

 Platforms are free from obstructions (i.e. Cables, tools, rolling

objects).
 Platforms are installed with fall prevention system (i.e. railing,
toe board).
 Platform deck flat & even.

 Platform deck free from openings.

 Floor openings are covered appropriately or provided hard

barriers and warning signs.

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WORK AT HEIGHT CHECKS
(During work on ManLift)

 Only two persons with tools are allowed on manlift.

 Safety harness must be worn and tied off.

 Operator and manlift shall be 3rd party certified.

 Manlift may be operated by auxiliary controls when

necessary.
 Soil shall be inspected before operation.

 Manlift shall be inspected prior to use and daily inspection

log shall be maintained.
 Manlift operation not allowed while wind speed exceeds 15
mph (24 kph).

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WORK AT HEIGHT CHECKS
(During work on Ladders)

 Ladder should be as per ANSI / EN standard.

 Broken or home made ladders are not allowed.

 Ladders shall be placed so that the horizontal distance from

the base to the vertical plane of the support is one-fourth
(¼).
 The feet of a ladder should be placed on a firm footing.

 Each ladder should be tied off or firmly held by an assistant

when in use.
 Ladder should extend 3 feet (1 meter) over an elevated area.

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WORK AT HEIGHT CHECKS
(During work on Ladders)

 Stepladders shall be fully opened and locked before use.

 When ascending or descending a ladder maintain 3 points of
contact.
 Hold on with both hands.

 Always face the ladder.

 Ensure hands and shoes are free from oil and grease.

 Never climb higher than the third rung from the top of a
straight or extension ladder.
 only one person should be on a ladder at a time.

 Aluminum or metal ladders shall not be used when working

on or around live electrical wiring.
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The end

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