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Welcome To Differential Calculus

This document provides an introduction to a differential calculus class. It outlines what students need for the class, including a textbook, Blackboard access, and a notebook. It also lists the main class topics like precalculus, limits, continuity, derivatives, and applications of derivatives. The document concludes by covering class policies on homework, absences, attitudes, and grading which includes partial and final exams.

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Ale Rg
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
24 views

Welcome To Differential Calculus

This document provides an introduction to a differential calculus class. It outlines what students need for the class, including a textbook, Blackboard access, and a notebook. It also lists the main class topics like precalculus, limits, continuity, derivatives, and applications of derivatives. The document concludes by covering class policies on homework, absences, attitudes, and grading which includes partial and final exams.

Uploaded by

Ale Rg
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 46

Welcome to Differential Calculus

What do we need for this class?


Textbook
Cálculo Diferencial (Glaros/Licón)
Editorial Limusa
Blackboard
Notebook
Class contents

Precalculus
Limits
Continuity
The Derivative
Applications of the derivative
Class policies

Homework
Absences
Late entrance
Attitudes & Behavior
Grading

Partial grade
Homework
Quizzes
Activities
Partial Exam
Final grade
Partial grades
Final exam
Definition of a Real-Valued Function
of a Real Variable
X Y
Domain Range
x y= f(x)

Let X and Y be sets of real numbers. A real


valued function f of a real variable x from X
to Y is a correspondence that assigns to each
number x  X exactly one number y in Y.
The element y is the value of f at x (or the image
of x under f ) and is denoted by f(x), read “f of
x”. The set X is the domain of the function. The
range of f is the subset consisting of all possible
values f(x) for x.

The variable x is the independent variable and


the variable y is the dependent variable.
Evaluating a function
1
f ( x)  5  2 x 
2

x
find the value of the function when x=2
Evaluating a function

g(t )  t  5
2

find the value of the function when t=a2


Evaluating a function
Errors

ERROR It is exemplified with f ( x)  x  1 and a  3, b  4

f  a  b   f  a   f  b  Correct evaluation: f  3  4  f  7   6
Incorrect evaluation: f  3  f  4   2  3  5

f  a  b   f  a   f  b  Correct evaluation: f  3  4   f  1  2


Incorrect evaluation: f  3   f  4   2  3  1
Evaluating a function
Errors

ERROR It is exemplified with f ( x)  x  1 and a  3, b  4

f  3  4   f  12   11
f  ab   f  a   f  b  Correct evaluation:
Incorrect evaluation: f  3  f  4    2   3  6

1 1 3
1 1 f    1  
Correct evaluation: 4 4 4
f  
 b  f  b Incorrect evaluation:
1

1

1
f  4 4  1 3

 a  f  a
3 3 1
f
Correct evaluation:  4  4  1  
f   4
 b  f  b
Incorrect evaluation: f  3  3  1  2
f  4 4 1 3
Exercise 1 page 15
For the function f defined by f ( x)  x  7
2

evaluate the following

a . f (3a )  9a  7 2

b. f (b  1)  b  2b  8
2

f ( x  x )  f ( x )
c. , x  0  2x  x
x
Exercise 2 page 15
Use the letters a,b,c,d, e, and h to answer the
following:

a) What are the coordinates of the points P


and Q? f(x)
b) f(c) e Q

x
a c b c

P d
Exercise 3 page 16 and 17
• The following table shows values for
functions f(x) and g(x):

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

f(x) -5 4 3 -2 -5 0 19 58 123 220 355 534

g(x) -5 -11 -13 -11 -5 5 19 37 59 85 115 149


Exercise 3 page 16 and 17
a) Evaluate b) Solve
i. f(x) for x=4 i. f(x)=19
ii. f(3)5 ii. g(x)=37
iii. f(72) iii. g(x)=5
iv. 2g(x) for x=0
v. g(x)+2 for x=2
vi. g(x+2) for x=2
vii. f(2x) for x=1
viii. f(x)f(2) for x=1
ix. g(x+2)g(x) for x=2
Exercise 3 page 16 and 17
c) The values in the table were obtained using
the formulas
f(x)=x3+x25x2 and g(x)=2x2+4x11.

Use the table to find two solutions to the


equations
x3+x25x2 = 2x2+4x11
The graph of a function

The graph of the function y=f(x) consists of all


points (x,f(x)), where x is in the domain of f.

x= the directed distance from the y-axis


f(x)= the directed distance from the x-axis.
Vertical line test

This test states that if every vertical line


intersects the graph of an equation at most
once, then the equation defines y as a
function of x.
Vertical line test
Example: Use the vertical line test to
determine whether y is a function of x.
Exercise 4 page 19: Use the vertical line test
to determine whether y is a function of x.
Exercise 5 page 20: Evaluate the following
functions and answer the questions from
your textbook

a) f ( x )  x  1
2

f (0)
f ( 3)
f (2)
Exercise 5 page 20: Evaluate the following
functions and answer the questions from
your textbook
1
b) f ( x ) 
x2
f (0)
f ( 4)
f (2)
Exercise 5 page 20: Evaluate the following
functions and answer the questions from
your textbook

c) f ( x )  x4
f (4)
f (8)
f (2)
Find the domain of the following
function
1
f ( x)  , 2 x4
x
Find the domain, range and graph
of the following function

f ( x)  x2
Find the domain, range and graph
of the following function

D :   , 3   3,  
f ( x)  x 92

R :  0,  

x 9
2
D :   , 3    3,  
f ( x) 
x3
R :   , 6    6,  
Exercise 6 pages 23-26: Find the domain,
range, and graph of the following functions

f ( x)  8 D :
R : {8}

f ( x)  2 x  3 D :
R :
Exercise 6 pages 23-26: Find the domain,
range, and graph of the following functions

f ( x)  x  1
2
D :
R :  1,  

f ( x)  x  3 D :  3,  
R :  0,  
Exercise 6 pages 23-26: Find the domain,
range, and graph of the following functions

f ( x)  4  x 2
D :  2, 2
R :  0, 2

D :   , 4   4,  
f ( x)  x  16
2

R :  0,  
Exercise 6 pages 23-26: Find the domain,
range, and graph of the following functions

f ( x)  x  x  6
2

x  x6 0
2

D :   , 2   3,  

R :  0,  
Find the domain, range and graph of the
following functions
1 D :   , 4    4,  
f ( x) 
x4 R :   , 0    0,  

1 D :  x   | x  2
f ( x)  2
x 4 R :   ,  1 4    0,  
Graph of eight basic functions

f  x  x f  x   x2

f  x   x3 1
f  x 
x
Graph of eight basic functions

f  x  x f  x  x

f  x   sinx f  x   cosx
Even and Odd Functions

A function f is called even if f(–x)=f(x) for


every x in its domain. In this case, the
equation y=f(x) is not changed if –x is
substituted for x, and hence, the graph of
an even function is symmetric with
respect to the y-axis.
Even and Odd Functions

A function f is called odd if f(–x)= –f(x)


for every x in its domain. If we apply
symmetry to the equation y=f(x), we see
that the graph of an odd function is
symmetric with respect to the origin.
Even and Odd Functions

Terminology Definition Example Symmetry


of graph

f is an even f(–x)=f(x) y=f(x)=x2 y-axis


function

f is an odd f(–x)=–f(x) y=f(x)=x3 the origin


function
Even and Odd Function
Example:
Determine whether the following functions
are even, odd or neither.

a) f ( x)  x  1 b) f  x   2 x  x
2 3
Even and Odd Function

Can you think of a function that is


neither even nor odd?
Transformations of functions
•The key transformations are translations,
reflections, stretches and shrinks.

Solve Exercise 9 from page 30-31


Solve Exercise 10 from page 32-33
Solve Exercise 11 from page 33-34
Translations

Let c be a positive real number. Then the


following transformations result in
translations (shifts) of the graph of y = f (x)
Vertical translations
y = f (x) + c a translation upward of c units
y = f (x)  c a translation downward of c units

Horizontal translations
y = f (xc) a translation to the right by c units
y = f (x+c) a translation to the left by c units
Reflections

The following transformations result in


reflections of the graph of y = f (x)
Across the x-axis

y = f (x)

Across the y-axis

y = f (x)
Stretches and Shrinks
Let c be a positive real number. Then the
following transformation result in stretches
or shrinks of the graph of y = f (x)
Vertical stretches or shrinks
A stretch by a factor of c, if c>1
y  cf  x 
A shrink by a factor of c, if c<1

Horizontal stretches or shrinks


a stretch by a factor of c, if c>1
y  f  cx 
a shrink by a factor of c, if c<1
When two vertical transformations are used,
the order of operations prevails. For example, a
vertical stretch would be done before a vertical
shift. However, when two horizontal
transformations are used, it is generally easier
to describe the transformation in reverse- for
example, a shift before a stretch.
y  x y  1   x  3
2 2
Exercise 12 page 35:

1. A function g is defined as g ( x)  3 x  2  1

a) Identify the domain of the function


b) Describe the transformations that show
how the graph of this function is obtained
from the graph of the parent function f ( x)  x
c) Sketch a graph of the function
d) Identify the range of the function
2. The graph of a function g(x) is obtained
from the graph of the parent function
f(x)=x2 by an x-axis reflection, a vertical
shift down 3, a horizontal shift left 2 and a
vertical stretch by 2.
a) Write the equation that describes the rule
for the function
b) Sketch a graph of the function
c) Identify the range of the function

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