GENERATOR

GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
16 th July 2001

Generator Protection

I.P. LAIJU
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

TYPES
TYPES OF
OF PROTECTION
PROTECTION
 TYPE

TYPEOF
OFPRIME
PRIME-- MOVER
MOVERAND
ANDCONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION

 MW

MWAND
ANDVOLTAGE
VOLTAGERATINGS
RATINGS

 MODE

MODEOF
OFOPERATION
OPERATION

 METHOD

METHODOF
OFCONNECTION
CONNECTIONTO
TO POWER
POWERSYSTEMS
SYSTEMS

 METHOD

METHODOF
OFEARTHING
EARTHING
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

PRIME
PRIME MOVERS
MOVERS

 STEAM
STEAMTURBINES
TURBINES

GAS
GASTURBINES
TURBINES

HYDRO
HYDRO

DIESEL
DIESEL
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
 CYLINDRICAL
CYLINDRICALROTOR
ROTOR

SALIENT
SALIENTPOLE
POLE

 MODE
MODE OF
OF OPERATION
OPERATION

 BASE
BASELOAD
LOAD
PEAK
PEAKLOAD
LOAD
STAND
STAND--BY
BY
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

CONNECTION
CONNECTION TO
TO POWER
POWER SYSTEM
SYSTEM

DIRECT
DIRECT

~
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

CONNECTION
CONNECTION TO
TO POWER
POWER SYSTEM
SYSTEM

DIRECT
DIRECT

VIA
VIATRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER

~
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

METHOD
METHOD OF
OF EARTHING
EARTHING
SOLID
SOLID
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

METHOD
METHOD OF
OF EARTHING
EARTHING
SOLID
SOLID

RESISTANCE
RESISTANCE R
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

METHOD
METHOD OF
OF EARTHING
EARTHING
SOLID
SOLID

RESISTANCE
RESISTANCE R

HIGH
HIGHIMPEDANCE
IMPEDANCE R
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

REQUIREMENTS
REQUIREMENTS
 DETECT

DETECTFAULTS
FAULTSON
ONTHE
THEGENERATOR
GENERATOR

 PROTECT

PROTECTFROM
FROMABNORMAL
ABNORMALOPERATING
OPERATINGCONDITIONS
CONDITIONS

 ISOLATE

ISOLATEGENERATOR
GENERATORFROM
FROMUNCLEARED
UNCLEAREDSYSTEM
SYSTEM
FAULTS
FAULTS

 ACTIONS
ACTIONS REQUIRED
REQUIRED
URGENT
 URGENT
 NOT
 NOTURGENT
URGENT
 ALARM
 ALARM
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

DIFFERENTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
PROTECTION
 PROVIDES

PROVIDESHIGH
HIGHSPEED
SPEEDPROTECTION
PROTECTIONFOR
FORALL
ALL FAULT
FAULT
TYPES
TYPES

 MAY

MAYBE
BEHIGH
HIGHIMPEDANCE
IMPEDANCETYPE
TYPE
OR
OR
BIASED
BIASEDDIFFERENTIAL
DIFFERENTIALTYPE
TYPE

 GOOD

GOODQUALITY
QUALITYCT’S
CT’SARE
AREREQUIRED
REQUIREDAT
ATLINE
LINEAND
AND
NEUTRAL
NEUTRALENDS
ENDS
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

DIFFERENTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
PROTECTION
HIGH
HIGH IMPEDANCE
IMPEDANCE TYPE
TYPE

~
Differential Relay
Stabilising Resistor

ZG9323
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

DIFFERENTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
PROTECTION
HIGH
HIGH IMPEDANCE
IMPEDANCE TYPE
TYPE

~
If RCT

V
2RL
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

DIFFERENTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
PROTECTION
V = If x { RCT + 2RL }
HIGH
HIGH IMPEDANCE
IMPEDANCE TYPE
TYPE
Z = V / IS
RSTAB = Z - RRELAY

~
If RCT

V
2RL
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

DIFFERENTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
PROTECTION
HIGH
HIGH IMPEDANCE
IMPEDANCE TYPE
TYPE
 STABILISING
STABILISINGRESISTOR
RESISTORCALCULATION
CALCULATION

 Rstab
Rstab==IIf fxx((RRCTCT++22RRLL)) ((VA
VA))
Is
Is Is
Is22
 WHERE
WHERE
 IfIf ==MAXIMUM
MAXIMUMTHROUGH
THROUGHFAULT
FAULTCURRENT
CURRENT
 RRCTCT ==RESISTANCE
RESISTANCEOF
OFCT
CTWINDING
WINDING
 2R
2RLL ==TWO
TWOWAY
WAYLEAD
LEADRESISTANCE
RESISTANCE
 VA
VA ==RELAY
RELAYBURDEN
BURDEN
 Is
Is ==RELAY
RELAYSETTING
SETTING
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

DIFFERENTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
PROTECTION
HIGH
HIGH IMPEDANCE
IMPEDANCE TYPE
TYPE
 EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE

50
50MVA
MVA 11KV
11KV F.
F. L.
L.C.
C. ==2624
2624Amps
Amps

Xd’’
Xd’’==18
18 %
% C.
C.T.
T. RATIO
RATIO ==3000
3000// 11

RRCT = 3 Ohms
CT = 3 Ohms
2R
2RLL ==22Ohms
Ohms

 SETTING
SETTING == 0.5A
0.5A
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

DIFFERENTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
PROTECTION
HIGH
HIGH IMPEDANCE
IMPEDANCE TYPE
TYPE
FAULT CURRENT ((IIFF)) == 50 x 10 ==14579
14579AA
33
FAULT CURRENT 50 x 10
1.732
1.732xx1111xx0.18
0.18

 == 4.86
4.86AA(( Sec
Sec))
R == IIF xx((RRCT ++22RRL )) (( VA
RSTAB
STAB F CT L VA))



Is
Is Is
Is
22

 == 4.86
4.86xx(3(3++ 22)) 11
 0.5
0.5 0.5
0.52
2

 = 48.6 - 4 = 44.6 Ohms

 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

DIFFERENTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
PROTECTION
HIGH
HIGH IMPEDANCE
IMPEDANCE TYPE
TYPE
 CT
CTREQUIREMENT
REQUIREMENT

 ACCURACY
ACCURACYCLASS
CLASS :: PS
PS CLASS
CLASS

 KNEE
KNEEPOINT
POINTVOLTAGE
VOLTAGE VVKK >> 22IIFF ((RRCT + 2R )
CT + 2RLL )

 MAGNETISING
MAGNETISINGCURRENT
CURRENT IIMAG < 3 % OF In AT V / 2
MAG < 3 % OF In AT VKK / 2
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

DIFFERENTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
PROTECTION
LOW
LOW IMPEDANCE
IMPEDANCE TYPE
TYPE

BIAS COIL
BIAS COIL
ZG9323
OPERATING COIL
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

DIFFERENTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
PROTECTION
LOW
LOW IMPEDANCE
IMPEDANCE TYPE
TYPE
CURRENT
DIFF. CURRENT

OPERATE

RESTRAIN
DIFF.

BIAS
BIASCURRENT
CURRENT
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

DIFFERENTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
PROTECTION
OVERALL
OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
PROTECTION SCHEME
SCHEME

~ G T

UAT

RELAY ICT
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

OVERALL
OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
PROTECTION
 BIASED

BIASEDRELAYS
RELAYSSHOULD
SHOULDONLY
ONLYBE
BEUSED
USED

 NO

NOMAG
MAG--INRUSH
INRUSHAS
ASTRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMERVOLTAGE
VOLTAGEIS
IS
GRADUALLY
GRADUALLYDEVELOPED
DEVELOPED

 HOWEVER

HOWEVERMAG
MAG--INRUSH
INRUSHCURRENT
CURRENTWILL
WILLFLOW
FLOWFOR
FOR
THE
THEFOLLOWING
FOLLOWINGCONDITION
CONDITION

WHEN
WHENAATHROUGH
THROUGHFAULT
FAULTIS
ISCLEARED
CLEARED

 WHEN
WHENAALARGE
LARGESTATION
STATIONTRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
CONNECTED
CONNECTEDTO
TO G
GTT BUSBAR
BUSBARIS
ISENERGISED
ENERGISED
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

INTERTURN
INTERTURN FAULT
FAULT PROTECTION
PROTECTION

 LONGITUDINAL
LONGITUDINALDIFFERENTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEM
SYSTEMDOES
DOESNOT
NOT
DETECT
DETECT INTERTURN
INTERTURNFAULTS
FAULTS

 INTERTURN
INTERTURNFAULT
FAULT PROTECTION
PROTECTIONNOT
NOTCOMMONLY
COMMONLY
PROVIDED
PROVIDEDBECAUSE
BECAUSE

FAULTS
FAULTS ARE
ARERARE
RARE

 EVEN
EVENIF
IFTHEY
THEYOCCUR,
OCCUR, THEY
THEYWILL
WILLQUICKLY
QUICKLY
DEVELOP
DEVELOPINTO
INTOSTATOR
STATOREARTH
EARTHFAULTS
FAULTS
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

INTERTURN
INTERTURN FAULT
FAULT PROTECTION
PROTECTION
HIGH
HIGH IMPEDANCE
IMPEDANCE TYPE
TYPE PROTECTION
PROTECTION

DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY R STABILISING RESISTOR
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

INTERTURN
INTERTURN FAULT
FAULT PROTECTION
PROTECTION
LOW
LOW IMPEDANCE
IMPEDANCE TYPE
TYPE PROTECTION
PROTECTION

DIFFERENTIAL
RELAY R
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

INTER
INTER TURN
TURN FAULT
FAULT PROTECTION
PROTECTION
HIGH
HIGH IMPEDANCE
IMPEDANCE TYPE
TYPE PROTECTION
PROTECTION
 SETTINGS
SETTINGS
 RELAY
RELAYPICK
PICK--UP
UP == SHOULD
SHOULDBEBELESS
LESSTHAN
THAN
DIFFERENTIAL
DIFFERENTIALCURRENT
CURRENTDUE
DUETO
TO SINGLE
SINGLETURN
TURNSHORT
SHORT
CIRCUIT
CIRCUIT

 Rstab
Rstab == SAME
SAMEAS
ASDIFFERENTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL
PROTECTION
PROTECTION
EXCEPT
EXCEPT
FAULT
FAULTCURRENT
CURRENT((IfIf))
== MVA
MVAxx10
1033
1.732
1.732xxKV
KVxxXd’’
Xd’’xx22
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

ZERO
ZERO SEQ.
SEQ. VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT
MEASUREMENT
 SHORT

SHORTCIRCUIT
CIRCUITOF
OFONE
ONEOR
ORMORE
MORETURNS
TURNSWILL
WILLCAUSE
CAUSE
THE
THEGENERATED
GENERATED EEM
MFF TO
TOCONTAIN
CONTAINZERO
ZEROSEQUENCE
SEQUENCE
COMPONENT
COMPONENT

 EXTERNAL

EXTERNALEARTHFAULTS
EARTHFAULTSWILL
WILLALSO
ALSOPRODUCE
PRODUCEAA
ZERO
ZEROSEQUENCE
SEQUENCEVOLTAGE
VOLTAGE--MOST
MOSTOFOFTHE
THEVOLTAGE
VOLTAGE
WILL
WILLBE
BEEXPENDED
EXPENDEDON
ONEARTHING
EARTHINGRESISTOR
RESISTOR

 HENCE,

HENCE,DROP
DROPACROSS
ACROSSTHE
THEWINDING
WINDINGSHOULD
SHOULDBE
BE
MEASURED
MEASURED
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

INTERTURN
INTERTURN FAULT
FAULT PROTECTION
PROTECTION
ZERO
ZERO SEQUENCE
SEQUENCE VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE DETECTION
DETECTION

TUNED RELAY
SHOUD BE USED

R VVR =V
=VA ++ VVB ++VVC
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

STATOR
STATOR EARTH
EARTH FAULT
FAULT PROTECTION
PROTECTION
 CAUSED

CAUSEDBY
BYINSULATION
INSULATIONFAILURE
FAILURE

 LEADS

LEADSTO
TOBURNING
BURNINGOF
OFMACHINE
MACHINECORE,
CORE,
WELDING
WELDINGOF
OFLAMINATIONS
LAMINATIONS

 REBUILDING

REBUILDINGOF
OFMACHINE
MACHINECORE
CORECAN
CANBE
BEAA
VERY
VERYEXPENSIVE
EXPENSIVEPROCESS
PROCESS

 HENCE

HENCE
EARTH
EARTHFAULT
FAULTPROTECTION
PROTECTIONIS
ISAAMUST
MUST
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

STATOR
STATOR EARTH
EARTH FAULT
FAULT PROTECTION
PROTECTION

 DEPENDS

DEPENDSON
ONSYSTEM
SYSTEMEARTHING
EARTHING

 95

95%
%STATOR
STATOREARTH
EARTHFAULT
FAULTPROTECTION
PROTECTION

 100%

100%STATOR
STATOREARTH
EARTHFAULT
FAULTPROTECTION
PROTECTION

 RELAYS

RELAYSWITH
WITHINVERSE
INVERSECHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS
PREFERRED
PREFERRED
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

95
95 %
% S.
S. E.
E. F.
F. PROTECTION
PROTECTION --CURRENT
CURRENTOPERATED
OPERATED

R
~
R 10 % - 40 %

SUITABLE
SUITABLEFOR
FORRESISTANCE
RESISTANCEAND
ANDSOLIDLY
SOLIDLY
EARTHED
EARTHED SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

95
95 %
% S.
S. E.
E. F.
F. PROTECTION
PROTECTION --VOLTAGE
VOLTAGEOPERATED
OPERATED

~
R

64

SUITABLE
SUITABLEFOR
FORHIGH
HIGHIMPEDANCE
IMPEDANCEEARTHED
EARTHEDSYSTEMS
SYSTEMS
SHOULD
SHOULDBE
BEAATUNED
TUNEDRELAY
RELAY
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

NEED
NEED FOR
FOR 100
100 %
% S.
S. E.
E. F.
F. PROTECTION
PROTECTION
OVERCURRENT
OVERCURRENT AND
ANDOVERVOLTAGE
OVERVOLTAGERELAYS
RELAYSWILL
WILL
NOT
NOTDETECT
DETECT EARTH
EARTHFAULT
FAULT NEAR
NEARNEUTRAL
NEUTRAL

 DIFFERENT
DIFFERENT METHODS
METHODS

 SUB

SUB-- HARMONIC
HARMONICINJECTION
INJECTION

 THIRD

THIRDHARMONIC
HARMONICUNDERVOLTAGE
UNDERVOLTAGE

 COMPARISON

COMPARISONOF
OFTHIRD
THIRDHARMONIC
HARMONICVOLTAGE
VOLTAGEAT
AT
NEUTRAL
NEUTRALAND
ANDLINE
LINEENDS
ENDS
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

SUB
SUB -- HARMONIC
HARMONIC INJECTION
INJECTION METHOD
METHOD
 WILL

WILLNOT
NOTDETECT
DETECTOPEN
OPENCIRCUITING
CIRCUITINGOF
OF
GROUND
GROUNDTRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMERPRIMARY
PRIMARYOR
OR
SECONDARY
SECONDARY

 CHANGES

CHANGESTHE
THEEARTHING
EARTHING PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS
WHICH
WHICHIS
ISNOT
NOTDESIRABLE
DESIRABLE

 OFF

OFF-- LINE
LINESUPERVISION
SUPERVISIONIS
ISREQUIRED
REQUIRED

 COST

COSTOF
OFIMPLEMENTAION
IMPLEMENTAIONAND
ANDMAINTENANCE
MAINTENANCE
IS
ISVERY
VERYHIGH
HIGH
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

THIRD
THIRD HARMONIC
HARMONIC UNDERVOLTAGE
UNDERVOLTAGE
 SUFFICIENT

SUFFICIENTNEUTRAL
NEUTRALTHIRD
THIRD
HARMONIC
HARMONICVOLTAGE
VOLTAGESHOULD
SHOULDBE
BE
AVAILABLE
AVAILABLE

 IT

ITWILL
WILLALSO
ALSOBE
BEOUT
OUT--OF
OF--SERVICE
SERVICEIF
IF
SUFFICIENT
SUFFICIENTVOLTAGE
VOLTAGEHAS
HASNOT
NOT
DEVELOPED
DEVELOPEDDURING
DURINGLIGHTLY
LIGHTLYLOADED
LOADED
CONDITIONS
CONDITIONS
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

THIRD
THIRD HARMONIC
HARMONIC VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE COMPARISON
COMPARISON

 LINE

LINESIDE
SIDEAND
ANDNEUTRAL
NEUTRALSIDE
SIDETHIRD
THIRD
HARMONIC
HARMONICVOLTAGES
VOLTAGESARE
ARECOMPARED
COMPARED

V L3

V N3 NORMAL
NORMALCONDITION
CONDITION
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

THIRD
THIRD HARMONIC
HARMONIC VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE COMPARISON
COMPARISON
GROUND
GROUNDFAULT
FAULTAT
AT NEUTRAL
NEUTRALEND
END((VVNN33 ==00))

V L3
V N3
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

THIRD
THIRD HARMONIC
HARMONIC VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE COMPARISON
COMPARISON
GROUND
GROUNDFAULT
FAULTAT
AT NEUTRAL
NEUTRALEND
END((VVNN33 ==00))

V L3
V N3

GROUND
GROUNDFAULT
FAULTAT
ATLINE
LINEEND
END((VVLL33 ==00))

V L3
V N3
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

FAULT
FAULTAT
AT 50
50%%OF
OFGENERATOR
GENERATORWINDING
WINDING
V L3

DEAD
DEADZONE
ZONE
V N3
 THE
THEVV LL33 ,,VVNN33 BALANCE
BALANCEWILL
WILLBE
BEMAINTAINED
MAINTAINED

 THE
THE100
100%
% UNIT
UNITMAY
MAYNOT
NOTDETECT
DETECT

 HENCE
HENCE,,USE
USEAA95
95%%UNIT
UNITALSO
ALSO
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

100
100 %
% STATOR
STATOR EARTH
EARTH FAULT
FAULT
95
95%% MODULE
MODULE
100
100%%MODULE
MODULE

00%
% GENERATOR
GENERATORWINDING
WINDING 100
100 %
%

 95

95%%MODULE
MODULESHOULD
SHOULDBE
BECONNECTED
CONNECTEDTO
TO
GROUNDING
GROUNDINGTRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMERSECONDARY
SECONDARY

 SHOULD

SHOULDBE
BETUNED
TUNED
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

100
100 %
% STATOR
STATOR EARTH
EARTH FAULT
FAULT PROTECTION
PROTECTION
PVMM
PVMMRELAY
RELAY
 DEFINITE TIME DELAYED 100 % UNIT
 DEFINITE TIME DELAYED 100 % UNIT

 INVERSE TIME DELAYED 0 - 95 % UNIT

 INVERSE TIME DELAYED 0 - 95 % UNIT

 IMMUNITY AGAINST FUSE FAILURE

 IMMUNITY AGAINST FUSE FAILURE

 PROVIDES MONITORING POINTS FOR MEASUREMENT OF OPERATING QUANTITIES

 PROVIDES MONITORING POINTS FOR MEASUREMENT OF OPERATING QUANTITIES

 USED IN MANY 500 MW AND 210 MW GENERATING SETS

 USED IN MANY 500 MW AND 210 MW GENERATING SETS
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

UNBALANCED
UNBALANCED LOADING
LOADING
 GIVES
GIVESRISE
RISETO
TO NEGATIVE
NEGATIVEPHASE
PHASESEQUENCE
SEQUENCESTATOR
STATOR
CURRENT
CURRENTWHICH
WHICHCAUSES
CAUSESCONTRA
CONTRA-- ROTATING
ROTATING
MAGNETIC
MAGNETICFIELDS
FIELDS

 STATOR
STATORFLUX
FLUXCUTS
CUTSROTOR
ROTORAT
ATTWICE
TWICESYNCHRONOUS
SYNCHRONOUS
SPEED
SPEEDINDUCING
INDUCINGDOUBLE
DOUBLEFREQUENCY
FREQUENCYCURRENT
CURRENTIN
IN
FIELD
FIELDSYSTEM
SYSTEM AND
ANDROTOR
ROTORBODY
BODY

 RESULTING
RESULTING.... .... ..
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

UNBALANCED
UNBALANCED LOADING
LOADING

RESULTING EDDY CURRENTS CAUSE OVERHEATING

RESULTING EDDY CURRENTS CAUSE OVERHEATING

 MACHINES
MACHINESARE AREASSIGNED
ASSIGNED
II22SS == CONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS NPS
NPS RATING
RATING
II2222 tt == SHORT
SHORTTIME
TIME NPS
NPS RATING
RATING

 IF
IFSYSTEM
SYSTEMUNBALANCE
UNBALANCEAPPROACHES
APPROACHESMACHINE
MACHINE
CONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUSWITHSTAND
WITHSTANDTHEN
THENPROTECTION
PROTECTIONIS
IS
REQUIRED
REQUIRED
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

TYPICAL
TYPICAL NPS
NPS CURRENT
CURRENT WITHSTAND
WITHSTAND TABLE
TABLE
TYPE
TYPEOF
OFMACHINE
MACHINE TYPE
TYPEOF
OFCOOLING
COOLING II2 S II222 tt
2S 2

TURBO
TURBOALTERNATOR
ALTERNATOR DIRECT
DIRECTHYDROGEN
HYDROGEN 10
10 77
30
30LB
LB//SQ.
SQ.FT
FT

TURBO
TURBOALTERNATOR
ALTERNATOR CONVENTIONAL
CONVENTIONALHYDROGEN
HYDROGEN 15
15 12
12
30
30LB
LB//SQ.
SQ.FT
FT

TURBO
TURBOALTERNATOR
ALTERNATOR CONVENTIONAL
CONVENTIONALHYDROGEN
HYDROGEN 15
15 15
15
15
15LB
LB//SQ.
SQ.FT
FT

TURBO
TURBOALTERNATOR
ALTERNATOR CONVENTIONAL
CONVENTIONALHYDROGEN
HYDROGEN 15
15 20
20
0.5
0.5LB
LB//SQ.
SQ.FT
FT

SALIENT POLE CONVENTIONAL AIR 40 60

 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

NEGATIVE
NEGATIVE PHASE
PHASE SEQUENCE
SEQUENCE PROTECTION
PROTECTION

I22 t = K

WHERE

I2 = NEGATIVE SEQUENCE COMPONENT

t = WITHSTAND TIME (SECS)

K= CONSTANT PROPORTIONAL TO THE

THERMAL CAPACITY OF GENERATOR
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

OVERLOAD
OVERLOAD
 OVER

OVER--TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATUREIN
INSTATOR
STATORAND
ANDROTOR
ROTOR

 INSULATION

INSULATIONFAILURE
FAILURE

 OVERLOAD
OVERLOAD PROTECTION
PROTECTION

 PICK

PICK--UP
UP ABOVE
ABOVETHE
THEMAX
MAXLOAD
LOADCURRENT
CURRENT

 ALTERNATIVELY

ALTERNATIVELY,,

CURRENT
CURRENTOPERATED
OPERATEDTHERMAL
THERMALREPLICA
REPLICARELAYS
RELAYS
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE RELAYS
RELAYS
 FIELD

FIELDEXCITATION
EXCITATIONSYSTEM
SYSTEMUSUALLY
USUALLYPREVENTS
PREVENTS
UNDER-
UNDER- AND
ANDOVER-
OVER-VOLTAGE
VOLTAGECONDITIONS
CONDITIONS

 OVER
OVER -- VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE CONDITION
CONDITION OCCURS
OCCURS WHEN
WHEN

 11)) PRIME
PRIME--MOVER
MOVEROVERSPEEDS
OVERSPEEDSDUE
DUETO
TOSUDDEN
SUDDEN
LOSS
LOSSOF
OFLOAD
LOAD

 22)) VOLTAGE
VOLTAGEREGULATOR
REGULATORIS
ISDEFECTIVE
DEFECTIVE
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

OVER
OVER VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE
 ENDANGERS
ENDANGERSINTEGRITY
INTEGRITYOF
OFINSULATION
INSULATION

 OVERFLUXING
OVERFLUXING

 DEFINITE
DEFINITETIME
TIMEDELAYED
DELAYED//INVERSE
INVERSETIME
TIMEOVERVOLTAGE
OVERVOLTAGEIS
IS
PROVIDED
PROVIDED

 UNDER
UNDERVOLTAGE
VOLTAGE

 DEFINITE
DEFINITETIME
TIMEDELAYED
DELAYEDUNDERVOLTAGE
UNDERVOLTAGEPROTECTION
PROTECTIONIS
IS
GENERALLY
GENERALLYPROVIDED
PROVIDED

 BACK
BACK--UP
UPFOR
FOROTHER
OTHERMAIN
MAINPROTECTION
PROTECTIONRELAYS
RELAYS
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

FUSE
FUSE FAILURE
FAILURE PROTECTION
PROTECTION

 USED

USEDFOR
FORBLOCKING
BLOCKING PROTECTION
PROTECTION RELAYS
RELAYS

 PRIMARY

PRIMARYAND
ANDSECONDARY
SECONDARYFUSES
FUSESSHOULD
SHOULDBE
BE
MONITORED
MONITORED

 RECOMMENDED

RECOMMENDEDRELAY
RELAY :: MVAPM
MVAPM32
32

 MVAPM

MVAPMWORKS
WORKSBY
BYCOMPARING
COMPARINGTHE
THESECONDARY
SECONDARY
VOLTAGES
VOLTAGESOF
OFTWO
TWOSETS
SETSOF
OF VTs
VTs
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

VT
VT FUSE
FUSE FAILURE
FAILURE PROTECTION
PROTECTION
PT - 1
MVAPM32
(1)

MVAPM32
(2)

PT - 2
MVAPM32 MVAPM32
(1)
(+) (2)
(-)
C1

C2
MVAPM32 MVAPM32
(1) (2)

C1
C1:: PT
PT--11FAILURE
FAILURE
C2 : PT - 2 FAILURE
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Loss of Excitation
 Generator Capability Curve

 Can be translated to R-X Plane

( MVA , Ø ) ( Z, Ø )

Z = ( KV2 / MVA ) . ( CTR / PTR ) [ secy.]

KV : Voltage for which the capability curve is valid

 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Loss of Excitation

Causes

 Accidental tripping of field breaker

 Short circuit in the field

 Poor brush contact

 AVR failure

 Loss of AC supply to the excitation system

 Loss of field to the pilot exciter

 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Loss of Excitation

Consequences Generator damage

 Synchronous  Induction generator

 Slip frequency induced currents  rotor heating

 High currents  stator heating

 Stator end iron heating

 Hydrogenerators : saliency
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Loss of Excitation

Consequences Effects on the system

 Substantial reactive drain

 System instability

 “ Voltage collapse ”
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Loss of Excitation

 Field Failure Characteristic

X

Xd’/ 2

Xd
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Loss of Excitation

 Protection
X

Xd’/ 2
Xd
=
dia

Xd
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Loss of Excitation

 Protection

 Time delays required for field failure protection

 Delay on pick-up
 Delay on drop-off

Measuring
Element

TDDO

TDPU
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Pole Slipping

System considerations

 System complexity

 Performance criteria

 Machine design advancements

 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Pole Slipping

Causes

 Prolonged fault clearing

 Excessive system impedances

 Underexcited operation

 Low system voltage

 Line switching operations

 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Pole Slipping

 Steady - state stability

 Response to small and gradual changes in the

system

P = ( Vs.Vr / X ) Sin Ø

Vs , Vr : sending & receiving end voltages

X : Reactance between Vs and Vr
Ø : Power angle
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Pole Slipping

Consequences
 High currents, voltage swings

 Stator winding stress

 Pulsating torques

 Transients in the step -up transformer

 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Pole Slipping
 Characteristics
EA EB
ZA ZL ZB
~ ~
EA / E B
B >1 X
ZB
EA / E
B <1 ZL
 P

ZA
R
A
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Pole Slipping
 Protection - Type ZTO
jX
 Directional cum blinder

 Directional identifies
severe swings Locus of
Pole Slip
 Blinder identifies swings
leading to pole - slip
R

l
tiona
er
 Timer distinguishes
fault conditions
Blind

Direc
stable
swing
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Motoring

 Failure of mechanical input

Synchronous Synchronous

Generator Motor

 Prime mover is the main concern

 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Motoring
 Prime Mover Motoring Power Possible Damage

 Diesel Engine 5 % - 25 % Risk of fire or

explosion

 Gas Turbine 10% - 15 % Mechanical

 Hydro - Turbine 0.2 % - 2 % Blade & runner

cavitation

 Steam turbine 0.5 % - 3 % Thermal stress

damage
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Motoring
Protection Considerations
 Automatic disconnection

 Non-electrical means of protection

 Electrical detection

 Sensitive reverse power relay

 Single-phase detection

 CT / PT accuracy
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Motoring
Protection Considerations P
 Reverse power relay Va
Q
High operating angle range

Time delays
-- Transients
-- Asymmetrical faults
Ia
Disabling
-- Pumped storage schemes
-- Synchronous compensation
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Abnormal Voltages

Over voltages - Causes

 AVR failure

 Operator Errors

 Lightly loaded conditions

 Load rejection

 Hydro generators
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Abnormal Voltages

Overvoltages - Consequences
 Damage to insulation

 Over fluxing

 Damage to isolated loads

 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Abnormal Voltages

Overvoltages - Protection
 Definite Time relays
100 % - 120 % threshold
1s - 3s delay

 Instantaneous relay, if desired

130% - 150 % threshold
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Abnormal Voltages

Undervoltage Function

 A V R failure

 Back-up for uncleared faults

-- Parallel connected generators

 Prevents damage to loads

 Interlocking
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Abnormal Frequency

Basics
 Load - frequency link

 Load shedding schemes

 Relieve overload on generators

 Minimise risk of damage

 Minimise possibility of cascading

 Restoration of normal frequency

 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Abnormal Frequency

Underfrequency - Causes

Loss of Generation

Overload Underfrequency

System split

Load shedding
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Abnormal Frequency

Under frequency - Consequences

 Generator
 Reduced output capability
  Thermal damage
  Overfluxing
 Turbines
  Blade stresses
  Mechanical resonances
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Abnormal Frequency
Prohibited
operation
Restricted Time Operating
Frequency Limits
Continuous operation

Frequency
50

Restricted Time Operating

Frequency Limits
Prohibited
operation

Duration
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Abnormal Frequency

Underfrequency - Consequences

 Plant Auxiliaries - Steam

Loss of Capacity at reduced speeds

 Plant Auxiliaries - Nuclear

Coolant Pump outputs reduced

 Combustion Turbines

 Hydro generators
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Abnormal Frequency

Under frequency - Protection

Suggested criteria ( I E E E )

 Establish trip points & time delays

based on turbine limits

 Co-ordination with automated load -

shedding

 Failure of any single relay should not

cause machine tripping
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Abnormal Frequency

Under frequency - Protection

Suggested criteria ( I E E E )

 Failure of any single relay should not

jeopardise the protection scheme

 Scheme should be in operation whenever

the unit is synchronised / supplying
auxiliaries

 Separate alarms for reduced frequency /

pending trip
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Abnormal Frequency

Over frequency - Causes

Fault clearing

Over shedding

Loss of Load
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Abnormal Frequency

Overfrequency - Causes

Fault clearing

Overshedding Load rejection

Loss of Load
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Abnormal Frequency

Overfrequency - Causes
Over frequency


Fault clearing

Overshedding Load rejection

Loss of Load
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Abnormal Frequency

Over frequency - Considerations

 High speed sets : centrifugal forces

 Control action possible

 Protection - backup to governor

 - Hydroturbines

 - Time delays
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Overfluxing

Causes

 Prior to synchronisation

- Operator / System errors

 Failure of excitation system

- Loss of nearby generators

- Operation in overexcited mode

 Load rejection
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Overfluxing

Overexcitation High Flux Density

 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Overfluxing

Overexcitation High Flux Density

Saturation of Iron
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Overfluxing

Overexcitation High Flux Density

Saturation of Iron

Leakage Paths
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Overfluxing

Overexcitation High Flux Density

Saturation of Iron

Leakage Paths

Eddy Currents
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Overfluxing

Overexcitation High Flux Density

Saturation of Iron

Leakage Paths

Eddy Currents

Interlaminar voltage
Heat
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Overfluxing

Protection

 Combined with transformer

protection

 Volts / Hz limiter

Hz
V
 Definite - time relays

 Inverse - time relays

t
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Back-up Protection

Voltage Controlled Overcurrent Protection

Overload
Characteristic
Is

Current Pick - up
t

Fault
Characteristic

Vs

I Voltage
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Back-up Protection

Voltage Controlled Overcurrent - Settings

 Under voltage switching threshold

 No switching under single phase - earth faults

 Should switch for remote - end faults


 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Back-up Protection

Voltage Restrained Overcurrent Protection

 More suited for
indirect connected
generators

Current Pick-up
I>
 Equivalent to
impedance devices
KI>

VS2 VS1
Voltage
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Back-up Protection

Voltage Restrained Over current

Protection - Settings
 I> : Maximum possible load current

 VS1 : No switching for earth-faults

 K I > & VS2 : Should pick - up for remote end feeder

fault
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Back-up Protection

Basics
 Subtransient Period  Xd’’ , Td’’
( 0.1 - 0.2 p.u. )

 Transient Period  Xd’ , Td’

( 0.15 - 0.35 p.u. )

 Steady - State Period  Xd

( 1.2 - 1.8 p.u. )

 Co-ordination with downstream relays

 Low pick - up required
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Back-up Protection

Distance Type Back-up

~
21

Single zone with mho / offset mho characteristic

 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Back-up Protection

Distance Type Back-up

• Settings

To cover the longest outgoing line

Z = Z T + n ZL

ZT = Transformer impedance

ZL = Outgoing line impedance

n = Number of parallel connected generators

 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Back-up Protection

Back-up Earth fault Protection

 Direct Connected Machines

 Indirect Connected Machines

51N
 Coordination

 -- Pickup for remote - end earth faults.

 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Breaker Failure

Considerations
 Faults involving low currents

 Abnormal operating conditions

 Use high sensitivity detectors

OR
Use auxiliary contacts from breaker
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Generator Tripping

Tripping Modes

 Class A HV breaker , Field breaker, Turbine

For faults in the generator zone

 Class B Turbine Trip

HV Breaker & Field Breaker interlocked with low
forward power relay

 Class C HV breaker
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
System Effects

Concerns
Shaft Torques

Accidental Energizing

Unbalanced Currents

Improper Synchronising

Abnormal Voltages
Transient Instability
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
System Effects

Accidental Energisation

~
 Operating Errors

 Energisation through the

HV disconnect switch
- Breaker Head Flashover

 High dielectric stress + Small contact gaps

 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
System Effects
Accidental Energisation - Consequences

 Induced Currents

 Rapid heating of the rotor surface

 Mechanical damage

 High primary currents

( Because machine impedance  Xd ” )
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
System Effects

Accidental Energisation - Protection

 Voltage Supervised O / C relays

 Frequency supervised O / C relays

 Auxiliary contact enabled O/C relays

 Distance Relays

 Directional I D M T relays
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

VTUM
VTUM
O R VTT 11 U/V

VAA VTT
CTIG TD DO 11

CTIG
Dead Machine
Tripping
VAA Backup
Tripping
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Generator Tripping

Suggested Trip Device GB FB PM Alarm

Logic ( IEEE )
87
 
59G

32
 
40

46

21/51V

78

81
 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION
Rotor Earth Faults

Considerations

 First Earth Fault  Not Harmful

  Raises the probability of

second fault

 Second Earth Fault  Unbalanced fluxes

  Rotor vibration

 GENERATOR
GENERATOR PROTECTION
PROTECTION

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !