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Morphology: Linguistics

This document provides an overview of morphology and defines key morphological concepts. It begins by defining morphology as the study of the internal structure of words. It then defines the morpheme as the smallest meaningful unit in language. The document outlines the main types of morphemes: free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes, which cannot. It distinguishes between lexical/content morphemes and grammatical/functional morphemes. The document also defines and provides examples of derivational morphemes, which change a word's part of speech, and inflectional morphemes, which carry grammatical meaning without changing the word's core meaning or part of speech. Finally, it briefly

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158 views19 pages

Morphology: Linguistics

This document provides an overview of morphology and defines key morphological concepts. It begins by defining morphology as the study of the internal structure of words. It then defines the morpheme as the smallest meaningful unit in language. The document outlines the main types of morphemes: free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, and bound morphemes, which cannot. It distinguishes between lexical/content morphemes and grammatical/functional morphemes. The document also defines and provides examples of derivational morphemes, which change a word's part of speech, and inflectional morphemes, which carry grammatical meaning without changing the word's core meaning or part of speech. Finally, it briefly

Uploaded by

Vanengggg
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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M O R Plinguistics

HOLOGY
Lesson objectives:
• At the end of this lesson, the
learners will be able to define
Morphology and Morpheme;
• Identify the number of
morphemes present in a given
word, and;
• Distinguish between different
types of morphemes.
MORPHOLOGY
a t i s
The study of the internalWh ?
o l o g y
structure of words in a
o r p h
language. M
Fundamental concept in
Morphology:
Morpheme – smallest
meaningful unit in language.
Example:
1. Cats - Cat + -s
“Cats” consist of two
morphemes such as ‘cat’ and
the suffix ‘-s’.
2. Category has one
morpheme.
...
Types of FREE MORPHEME
Morpheme

BOUND
MORPHEME
...
Free Lexical Morphemes
Morpheme

Grammatical or
Functional
Morphemes
...
Bound Derivational
Morpheme Morpheme

Inflectional
Morpheme
Free Morpheme – A morpheme that
has individual meaning and can be
formed independently.

Examples: dog, book, house, eat,


work, how, and, much, happy
Lexical Morphemes (open
class) – are those morphemes
that are independently
meaningful. Free morphemes
that carry the content or
message of what we say. The
lexical morphemes include
nouns, adjectives and verbs.

Examples: boy, excellent, good,


dance, cook, mother
Grammatical or Functional
Morphemes (closed class) – are
those morphemes that consist of
functional words in a language
such as prepositions,
conjunctions determiners and
pronouns.

Examples: and, but, or, above,


on, into, after, that, the
Bound Morpheme – are morphemes that
must be attached to another form and
cannot stand alone. Bound morphemes
include all types of affixes: prefixes and
suffixes.

Examples: re-, dis-, de-, -s, -ly, -er


Derivational Morpheme -
Morphemes that transform words
into different grammatical
categories from the root word (a
free morpheme). These morphemes
transform words into different parts
of speech.

Example: -ly changes the adjective


‘sad’ into the adverb sadly.
Note:
Most derivational morphemes change the
part of speech, for example, -ance
changes the verb ‘resemble’ into the noun
resemblance. Note that the 'e' is deleted at
the end of the verb ‘resemble’ when the Categories
suffix is added.
of Bound
The majority of derivational morphemes Morpheme
that don't change the part of speech are
prefixes, for example, adding un- changes
the meaning of the adjective ‘happy’ but
it is still an adjective unhappy.
Inflectional Morpheme -
Inflectional morphemes are affixes
which carry grammatical meaning.
They do not change the part of
speech or meaning of the word; they
function to ensure that the word is in
the appropriate form so the sentence
is grammatically correct.

Example: the plural -s in ‘cats’ or


progressive -ing in ‘sailing’
-s (Plural)
-‘s (Possessive)
-s (3rd person singular)
-ed (past tense)
-ing (present participle)
-en (past participle)
-er (comparative)
-est (superlative)
WORD CLASSES
Traditional grammar identifies eight parts of
speech: noun, verb, adjective, adverb,
preposition, conjunction, article and
interjection. There are actually more categories
and consistent with current grammatical
theory and the approach of syntax. Syntactic
categories can be divided into two word
classes:
• Content words
• Function words
Function Words
In contrast to content words, Content Words
function words, such as Nouns, verbs, adjectives
determiners and auxiliary verbs, and adverbs are all
do not have “contentful” content words. Content
meanings; they are defined in words are open class
terms of their use, or function. words, meaning that they
Function words are closed class accept new members. For
words. Though we freely add example, textmessage, e-
new members to open classes of mail, and fax are all verbs
words, we don’t coin new with noun counterparts
determiners or conjunctions, that have been recently
nor do we come up with new added to the language.
pronouns, modal verbs.
overestimating
Identify how
many
morpheme(s)
is/are present cranberry
in the given
word.
er !! keyboard
an sw
unmute to
FINISH
감사합니다 . 끝

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