Lecture 5 - Flexure

June 11, 2003

CVEN 444
Lecture Goals

Rectangular Beams
Safety factors
Loading and Resistance
Balanced Beams
Flexural Stress
The compressive zone is modeled with a equivalent
stress block.
Flexural Stress
The equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution
has what is known as a  coefficient is proportion of
average stress distribution covers.

1  0.85 for f c  4000 psi

 f c  4000 
1  0.85  0.05 *    0.65
 1000 
Flexural Stress
Requirements for analysis of reinforced concrete beams
[1] Stress-Strain Compatibility – Stress at a point in
member must correspond to strain at a point.
[2] Equilibrium – Internal
forces balances with
external forces
 Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(1) Setup equilibrium.

F x 0  TC
As f s  0.85 f c ab
 a
 M  0  T d  2   M n
Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(2) Find flexural capacity.

T  As f s
C  0.85 f c ab
As f s
a
0.85 f cb
Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(2) Find flexural capacity.

M n  T  moment arm 
 a
 As f s  d  
 2
 Flexural Stress
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.
(3) Need to confirm s > y
y
y 
Es
a
c
1

s 
 d  c
c   y
c
Flexural Stress –
Rectangular Example
Example of rectangular reinforced concrete beam.

Given a rectangular beam

fc = 4000 psi
fy = 60 ksi (4 #7 bars)
b = 12 in. d = 15.5 in. h= 18 in.
Find the neutral axis.
Find the moment capacity of the beam.
Flexural Stress –
Rectangular Example

Determine the area of steel, #7 bar has 0.6 in2.

As  4  0.6 in 2   2.4 in 2

The  value is 1 = 0.85 because the concrete

has a fc =4000 psi.

1  0.85 for f c  4000 psi

Flexural Stress –
Rectangular Example
From equilibrium (assume the steel has yielded)
C T
0.85 f cba  f y As
f y As  60 ksi  2.4 in 2

a   3.53 in.
0.85 f cb 0.85  4 ksi   12 in 
The neutral axis is
a 3.53 in.
c   4.152 in.
1 0.85
 Flexural Stress –
Rectangular Example
Check to see whether or not the steel has yielded.
fy 60 ksi
y    0.00207
E s 29000 ksi
Check the strain in the steel
 d c
s     0.003 Steel yielded!
 c 
 15.5 in.  4.152 in. 
   0.003  0.0082  0.000207
 4.152 in. 
Flexural Stress –
Rectangular Example
Compute moment capacity of the beam.

 a
M n  As f y  d  
 2
 3.53 in. 
  2.4 in   60 ksi  15.5 in. 
2

 2 
 1979 k-in.  164.8 k-ft.
 Flexural Stress –
Non-Rectangular Example
For a non-rectangular beam
For the given beam with concrete
rated at fc = 6 ksi and the steel is
rated at fs = 60 ksi. d = 12.5 in.
(a) Determine the area of the steel for a
balanced system for shown area of concrete.
(b) Determine the moment capacity of the
beam. Mn
(c) Determine the NA.
 Flexural Stress –
Non-Rectangular Example
For a non-rectangular beam
The area of the concrete section is
Ac   6 in.  3 in.   10 in.  2 in.
 38 in 2
The force due to concrete forces.
C  0.85 f c Ac
 0.85  6 ksi   38 in 2 
 193.8 kips.
 Flexural Stress –
Non-Rectangular Example
Using equilibrium, the area of the steel can be found

T C
0.85 f c Ac
fs As  0.85 f c Ac  As 
fs
193.8 kips
As   3.23 in 2

60 ksi
Flexural Stress –
Non-Rectangular Example
Find the center of the area
of concrete area

y
 yA i i

A i


 6 in.  3 in.  1.5 in.   10 in.  2 in.  4 in.
 6 in.  3 in.   10 in.  2 in.
 2.8158 in.
 Flexural Stress –
Non-Rectangular Example
The moment capacity of the beam is

Mn  T  d  y 
 193.8 kips  12.5 in.  2.8158 in.
 1869 k-in.  155.75 k-ft.
 Flexural Stress –
Non-Rectangular Example
Compute the 1 value

 f c  4000 psi 
1  0.85  0.05*  
 1000 psi 
 6000 psi  4000 psi 
 0.85  0.05*  
 1000 psi 
 0.75
Flexural Stress –
Non-Rectangular Example
Find the neutral axis

a
c
1
5.0 in.
  6.67 in.
0.75
Safety Provisions

Structures and structural members must always be

designed to carry some reserve load above what is
expected under normal use.
Safety Provisions
There are three main reasons why some sort of safety
factor are necessary in structural design.
[1] Consequences of failure.
[2] Variability in loading.
[3] Variability in resistance.
Consequences of Failure
A number of subjective factors must be considered
in determining an acceptable level of safety.
Potential loss of life.
Cost of clearing the debris and replacement of the
structure and its contents.
Cost to society.
Type of failure warning of failure, existence of
alternative load paths.
Variability in Loading

Frequency distribution
of sustained component
of live loads in offices.
Variability in Resistance
Variability of the strengths of concrete and
reinforcement.
Differences between the as-built dimensions
and those found in structural drawings.
Effects of simplification made in the
derivation of the members resistance.
Variability in Resistance
Comparison of
measured and
computed failure
moments based on
all data for
reinforced
concrete beams
with fc > 2000 psi.
Margin of Safety

The distributions of
the resistance and
the loading are used
to get a probability
of failure of the
structure.
 Margin of Safety
The term
Y=R-S
is called the safety
margin. The probability
of failure is defined as:
Pf  Pr obability of Y  0
and the safety index is
Y

Y
Loading
SPECIFICATIONS
Cities in the U.S. generally base their building
code on one of the three model codes:
 Uniform Building Code
 Basic Building Code (BOCA)
 Standard Building Code
Loading
These codes have been consolidated in the
2000 International Building Code.

Loadings in these codes are mainly based on

ASCE Minimum Design Loads for Buildings
and Other Structures has been updated to
ASCE 7-02.
Loading
The loading variations are taken into
consideration by using a series of “load factors”
to determine the ultimate load, U.
U  1.4  D  F 
U  1.2  D  F  T   1.6  L  H   0.5  Lr or S or R 
U  1.2 D  1.6W  0.5 L  1.0  Lr or S or R 
U  1.2 D  1.0 E  1.0 L  0.2 S
 etc.
Loading
The equations come from ACI code 9.2 on
loading (4.6 in your book),

D – Dead Load W – Wind Load

L – Live Load Lr – Roof Load
F – Fluid Pressure R – Rain Load
E – Earthquake Load T – Temperature Load
S – Snow Load H – Soil Load
Loading
The most general equation for the ultimate load,
U (Mu) that you will see is going to be:

U  1.2 D  1.6 L
Resistance
The load factors will generate the ultimate load,
which is used in the design and analysis of the
structural member.

Mu  Mn
Mu – Ultimate Moment
Mn – Nominal Moment
 – Strength Reduction Factor
Resistance
The strength reduction factor, , varies from member
to member depending whether it is in tension or
compression or the type of member. The code has
been setup to determine the reduction.
Three possibilities in Inelastic
Behavior

Compression Failure - (over-reinforced

beam)
Tension Failure - (under-reinforced beam)
Balanced Failure - (balanced reinforcement)
Inelastic Behavior
Compression Failure
The concrete will crush
before the steel yields.
This is a sudden
failure.
The beam is known as
an over-reinforced
beam.
Inelastic Behavior
Tension Failure
The reinforcement
yields before the
concrete crushes. The
concrete crushes is a
secondary
compression failure.
The beam is known as
an under-reinforced
beam.
Inelastic Behavior
Balanced Failure
The concrete crushes
and the steel yields
simultaneously.
The beam is known as
an balanced-
reinforced beam.
Inelastic Behavior
Which type of failure is the most desirable?
The under-reinforced
beam is the most
desirable.
fs = fy
s >> y
You want ductility
system deflects and
still carries load.
Balanced Reinforcement Ratio, bal
bal = unique value to get simultaneous c = 0.003
& s = y
Use similar triangles:

0.003 y

cb d  cb
 Balanced Reinforcement
Ratio, bal
The equation can be rewritten to find cb
0.003d  0.003c b   y c b
c b  0.003   y   0.003d
0.003d cb 0.003
cb   
 0.003   y  d  0.003   y 

c b  0.003  E  87000
   s

d   0.003   y    E s   87000  f y 

Nominal Moment Equation
The equation can be rewritten in the form:
C T  0.85 f cba  A s f y
f y As
a
0.85 f cb
 a
M n  As f y  d  
 2
Nominal Moment Equation
The equation can be rewritten in the form:
 As   b  2  f y Asd 
Mn  fy     d  d  

 bd   d   1.7 f c bd 
Use the ratio r = b/d and 

 fy d 
Mn    fy   r  d  d 
2

 1.7 f c 
Nominal Moment Equation
Use fy/fc and
  
M n    r  f c d 1 
3
    r  f c  1  0.59  d
 3

 1.7 
Use the ratio r = b/d and R

M n  Rbd 2

R   f c  1  0.59 
Strain Limits Method for
Analysis
The strength
reduction factor, ,
will come into the
calculation of the
strength of the beam.
Limitations on Reinforcement
Ratio, 
The selection of the steel will be determined by the
Lower Limit on ACI 10.5.1

3 f c 200
As(min)  * bw d  * bw d ACI Eqn. (10-3)
fy fy

fc & fy are in psi

Limitations on Reinforcement
Ratio, 
Lower Limit on ACI 10.5.1
3 f c 200
 min  
fy fy
Lower limit used to avoid “Piano Wire” beams.
Very small As ( Mn < Mcr )
s is huge (large deflections)
when beam cracks ( Mn > Mcr ) beam fails right
away because Mn < Mcr
Additional Requirements for
Lower Limit on 

If As (provided)  4/3 As (required) based on

analysis, then As (min) is not required.

4
 Mn  Mu
3 for As (provided)
See ACI 10.5.3
Additional Requirements for
Lower Limit on 
Temperature and Shrinkage reinforcement in
structural slabs and footings (ACI 7.12) place
perpendicular to direction of flexural reinforcement.
GR 40 or GR 50 Bars: As (T&S) = 0.0020 Ag
GR 60 or Welded Wire Fabric (WWF):
As (T&S) = 0.0018 Ag
Ag - Gross area of the concrete
Example
Given:
fc = 3 ksi & fy = 40 ksi
and As = 4 in2
Determine:
(1) Determine if the beam will
satisfy ACI code.

(2) If fc = 6 ksi?
 Example
Given:
fc = 3 ksi & fy = 40 ksi and As = 4 in2
As 4 in 2
   0.0333
bd  8 in.  15 in.
The minimum steel ratio is

3 3000 200
 min  =0.00411   0.005
40000 40000

  min  0.005  0.0333 > 0.005 OK!

Example
Given:
fc = 3 ksi & fy = 40 ksi and As =4 in2

a
f y As

 40 ksi   4 in 2
  8.743 in.
0.85 f cb 0.85  3 ksi   8 in 
The neutral axis is
a 8.743 in. c 9.23 in.
c   9.23 in.    0.615
1 0.85 d 15 in.
Example
The strain in the steel is

 d c  15 in.  7.843 in. 

t     0.003     0.003
 c   7.843 in. 
 0.0027

There for the beam is in the compression zone and

 would be 0.65, however c/d ratio is greater than
0.375 so the beam will need to be redesigned.
Example c/d=0.615
 Example
Given:
fc = 6 ksi & fy = 40 ksi and As =4 in2
As 4 in 2
   0.0333
bd  8 in.  15 in.
The minimum steel ratio is

3 6000 200
 min  =0.00581   0.005
40000 40000

  min  0.00581  0.0333 > 0.00581 OK!

Example
Given:
fc = 6 ksi & fy = 40 ksi and As =4 in2

a
f y As

 40 ksi   4 in 2
  3.922 in.
0.85 f cb 0.85  6 ksi   8 in 
The neutral axis is at
a 3.922 in. c 5.22 in.
c   5.22 in.    0.349
1 0.75 d 15 in.
 Example
The strain in the steel will be

 d c  15 in.  5.22 in. 

t     0.003     0.003
 c   5.22 in. 
 0.0056

There for the beam is in the tension zone and  will

be 0.9.
Example c/d=0.349