Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 27 views

    Chembond

    Uploaded by

    NovelynLozano-Edroso
    Here are some common cations (positively charged ions) with their typical charges: Group 1: H+ (1+), Li+ (1+), Na+ (1+), K+ (1+), Rb+ (1+), Cs+ (1+) Group 2: Mg2+ (2+), Ca2+ (2+), Sr2+ (2+), Ba2+ (2+) Group 13: Al3+ (3+)

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Chembond

    Uploaded by

    NovelynLozano-Edroso
    27 views51 pages
    Here are some common cations (positively charged ions) with their typical charges: Group 1: H+ (1+), Li+ (1+), Na+ (1+), K+ (1+), Rb+ (1+), Cs+ (1+) Group 2: Mg2+ (2+), Ca2+ (2+), Sr2+ (2+), Ba2+ (2+) Group 13: Al3+ (3+)

    Original Description:

    ppt presentation on chemical bonding

    Original Title

    chembond

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Here are some common cations (positively charged ions) with their typical charges: Group 1: H+ (1+), Li+ (1+), Na+ (1+), K+ (1+), Rb+ (1+), Cs+ (1+) Group 2: Mg2+ (2+), Ca2+ (2+), Sr2+ (2+), Ba2+ (2+) Group 13: Al3+ (3+)

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    27 views51 pages

    Chembond

    Uploaded by

    NovelynLozano-Edroso
    Here are some common cations (positively charged ions) with their typical charges: Group 1: H+ (1+), Li+ (1+), Na+ (1+), K+ (1+), Rb+ (1+), Cs+ (1+) Group 2: Mg2+ (2+), Ca2+ (2+), Sr2+ (2+), Ba2+ (2+) Group 13: Al3+ (3+)

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 51

    Atom – the smallest unit of matter “indivisible”

    Helium
    atom
    electron shells
    a) Atomic number = number of Electrons

    b) Electrons vary in the amount of energy


    they possess, and they occur at certain
    energy levels or electron shells.

    c) Electron shells determine how an atom


    behaves when it encounters other atoms
    Electrons are placed in shells
    according to rules:
    1) The 1st shell can hold up to two electrons,
    and each shell thereafter can hold up to 8
    electrons.
    Octet Rule = atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so
    as to have 8 electrons
    C would like to Gain 4 electrons
    N would like to Gain 3 electrons
    O would like to Gain 2 electrons
    Why are electrons important?
    1) Elements have different electron
    configurations
     different electron configurations mean
    different levels of bonding
    Electron Dot Structures
    Symbols of atoms with dots to represent the valence-
    shell electrons

    1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
    H He:
          

    Li Be  B  C  N  O : F  :Ne :


        

          

    Na Mg  Al  Si   P S


      :Cl  :Ar :
        
    Learning Check

    A. X would be the electron dot formula for
    1) Na 2) K 3) Al
    
    B. X would be the electron dot formula

    1) B 2) N 3) P
    Chemical Bond
    • A bond results from the attraction of nuclei
    for electrons
    – All atoms trying to achieve a stable octet

    • IN OTHER WORDS
    – the p+ in one nucleus are attracted to the e- of
    another atom
    • Electronegativity
    Two Major Types of Bonding

    • Ionic Bonding
    – forms ionic compounds
    – transfer of e-

    • Covalent Bonding
    – forms molecules
    – sharing e-
    One minor type of bonding
    • Metallic bonding
    – Occurs between like atoms of a metal in the
    free state
    – Valence e- are mobile (move freely among all
    metal atoms)
    – Positive ions in a sea of electrons

    • Metallic characteristics
    – High mp temps, ductile, malleable, shiny
    – Hard substances
    – Good conductors of heat and electricity as (s) and (l)
    It’s the mobile electrons
    that enable me-tals to
    conduct electricity!!!!!!
    IONIC BOND
    bond formed between
    two ions by the
    transfer of electrons
    Formation of Ions from Metals
     Ionic compounds result when metals react with
    nonmetals
     Metals lose electrons to match the number of valence
    electrons of their nearest noble gas
     Positive ions form when the number of electrons are
    less than the number of protons
    Group 1 metals  ion 1+
    Group 2 metals  ion 2+
    • Group 13 metals  ion 3+
    Formation of Sodium Ion
    Sodium atom Sodium ion
    Na  – e  Na +

    2-8-1 2-8 ( = Ne)

    11 p+ 11 p+
    11 e- 10 e-
    0 1+
    Formation of Magnesium Ion
    Magnesium atom Magnesium ion

    Mg  – 2e  Mg2+

    2-8-2 2-8 (=Ne)

    12 p+ 12 p+
    12 e- 10 e-
    0 2+
    Learning Check

    A. Number of valence electrons in aluminum


    1) 1 e- 2) 2 e- 3) 3 e-

    B. Change in electrons for octet


    1) lose 3e- 2) gain 3 e- 3) gain 5 e-

    C. Ionic charge of aluminum


    1) 3- 2) 5- 3) 3+
    Solution

    A. Number of valence electrons in aluminum


    3) 3 e-

    B. Change in electrons for octet


    1) lose 3e-

    C. Ionic charge of aluminum


    3) 3+
    Learning Check

    Give the ionic charge for each of the following:


    A. 12 p+ and 10 e-
    1) 0 2) 2+ 3) 2-
    B. 50p+ and 46 e-
    1) 2+ 2) 4+ 3) 4-
    C. 15 p+ and 18e-
    2) 3+ 2) 3- 3) 5-
    Ions from Nonmetal Ions

    In ionic compounds, nonmetals in 15, 16, and 17


    gain electrons from metals

    Nonmetal add electrons to achieve the octet


    arrangement

    Nonmetal ionic charge:


    3-, 2-, or 1-
    Fluoride Ion
    unpaired electron octet
      1-
    :F + e : F:
     

    2-7 2-8 (= Ne)

    9 p+ 9 p+
    9 e- 10 e-
    0 1-
    ionic charge
    IONic Bonding

    • electrons are transferred between valence


    shells of atoms
    • ionic compounds are
    made of ions NOT MOLECULES

    • ionic compounds are called Salts or


    Crystals
    IONic bonding
    • Always formed between metals and non-
    metals

    [METALS ]+ [NON-METALS ]-

    Lost e- Gained e-
    IONic Bonding
    • Electronegativity difference > 2.0
    – Look up e-neg of the atoms in the bond and
    subtract
    NaCl
    CaCl2
    • Compounds with polyatomic ions
    NaNO3
    Ionic Bonds: One Big Greedy Thief Dog!
    1). Ionic bond – electron from Na is transferred to Cl,
    this causes a charge imbalance in each atom. The Na
    becomes (Na+) and the Cl becomes (Cl-), charged
    particles or ions.
    Properties of Ionic Compounds
    SALTS
    • hard solid @ 22oC Crystals
    • high mp temperatures
    • nonconductors of electricity in solid phase
    • good conductors in liquid phase or
    dissolved in water (aq)
    COVALENT BOND
    bond formed by the
    sharing of electrons
    Covalent Bond
    • Between nonmetallic elements of similar
    electronegativity.
    • Formed by sharing electron pairs
    • Stable non-ionizing particles, they are not
    conductors at any state
    • Examples; O2, CO2, C2H6, H2O, SiC
    Bonds in all the
    polyatomic ions
    and diatomics are
    all covalent bonds
    NONPOLAR
    COVALENT BONDS
    when electrons are
    shared equally
    H2 or Cl2
    2. Covalent bonds- Two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell
    electrons.

    Oxygen Atom Oxygen Atom

    Oxygen Molecule (O2)


    POLAR COVALENT
    BONDS
    when electrons are
    shared but shared
    unequally
    H2O
    Polar Covalent Bonds: Unevenly
    matched, but willing to share.
    - water is a polar molecule because oxygen is more
    electronegative than hydrogen, and therefore electrons
    are pulled closer to oxygen.
    METALLIC BOND
    bond found in
    metals; holds metal
    atoms together
    very strongly
    Metallic Bond
    • Formed between atoms of metallic elements
    • Electron cloud around atoms
    • Good conductors at all states, lustrous, very
    high melting points
    • Examples; Na, Fe, Al, Au, Co
    Metallic Bonds: Mellow dogs with plenty
    of bones to go around.
    Ionic Bond, A Sea of Electrons
    Metals Form Alloys
    Metals do not combine with metals. They form
    Alloys which is a solution of a metal in a metal.
    Examples are steel, brass, bronze and pewter.
    Formula Weights
    • Formula weight is the sum of the atomic
    masses.
    • Example- CO2
    • Mass, C + O + O
    12.011 + 15.994 + 15.994
    43.999
    Practice
    • Compute the mass of the following compounds
    round to nearest tenth & state type of bond:
    • NaCl;
    • 23 + 35 = 58; Ionic Bond
    • C2H6;
    • 24 + 6 = 30; Covalent Bond
    • Na(CO3)2;
    • 23 + 2(12 + 3x16) = 123; Ionic & Covalent
    Some Typical Ions with Positive
    Charges (Cations)
    Group 1 Group 2 Group 13
    H+ Mg2+ Al3+
    Li+ Ca2+
    Na+ Sr2+
    K+ Ba2+

    You might also like