Welcome to week 16, everyone!

Here are the

lessons that
we need to

1.) Propositional Logic: Negation,

finish this
week:

Conjunction, Disjunction,
Conditional, and Biconditional
2.) Determining the Truth Value
(Truth Table)
Let us start!!

What is logic?

LOGIC
Propositional Logic What is a
proposition?
A reasoning conducted or assessed
according to strict principles of validity. It
allows one to determine whether or not an
argument is valid in and out of Mathematics.
Proposition – is a declarative statement
that may be expressed as an idea which
can be true or false but definitely not
both.
Types of Proposition:
1. Simple – means a single idea statement Here are some
2. Compound – conveys two or more ideas. examples.

 Examples: Determine whether true or false.

a.) 29 is a prime number. True
b.) 13 – 6 = 7 True
c.) , given that a and b are real numbers. True
d.) False
e.) A parallelogram is a square. False
 Propositional Logic
Statements Connectives Symbolic Type of
Forms Statements
Not P Not ~P Negation
P and Q And P^Q Conjunction
P or Q Or P∨Q Disjunction
If P, then Q If…, then… P⇒Q Conditional
P if and only if If and only if P⇔Q Biconditional
Q
Examples: Write the required statement given the indicated
connectives.
 
P: A square has four equal sides.
Q. A rectangle has four right angles.
R: A square is a rectangle.

1.) P ⇒ ~R
Answer: If a square has four equal sides, then a square is not a rectangle.

2.) Q ^ P
Answer: A rectangle has four right angles and a square has four equal
sides.

3.) R ⇔ (P ^ Q)
Answer: A square is a rectangle if and only if a square has four equal sides
and a rectangle has four right angles.
 T R U

H
T
The following are the rules to guide you in
determining the truth values of statements.
1. A statement and its
2. Truth values for
negation have opposite
conjunctions and disjunctions:
truth values.

If a statement is TRUE, then its The conjunction is TRUE only when both
negation is FALSE. If the statement is statements are TRUE while the disjunction is TRUE
FALSE, then its negation is TRUE. for as long as one of the statements is TRUE.

T A
B

E
L
 R U H
T

T
The following are the rules to guide you in
determining the truth values of statements.
3. Truth values for conditionals and
contrapositives:

The conditional is TRUE if the two statements have the same truth value.
Otherwise, it follows the truth value of the second statement. The
contrapositive always have the same truth values with the conditional.

A L

E
B
T
 U

T
R
T

H
The following are the rules to guide you in
determining the truth values of statements.

4. A biconditional have the same

truth value with conditional.

T A L

E
B
 R U H
T

T
Example 1: Supply the truth table with the
correct truth values given the following
statements.

P: All even numbers are divisible by 2.

Q: 5 is divisible by 2.
P Q ~P ~Q P^Q P˅Q P⇒Q ~Q ⇒ ~P

A L

E
B
T
 R U H
T

T
Solutions:
P is TRUE since all even numbers are divisible by 2 based on definitions.
Q is FALSE since 5 is not an even number.
~P is FALSE since the truth value of the negation is opposite the truth value of the
statement.
~Q is TRUE since Q is FALSE.
P ^ Q is FALSE since the conjunction of two statements can only be TRUE when
both statements are TRUE.
P ˅ Q is TRUE since the disconjunction of two statements is already TRUE if one of
them is TRUE.
P ⇒ Q is FALSE since the conditional is TRUE only when both statements have the
same truth values. Otherwise, the truth value of the second statement becomes the
truth value of the conditional.
~Q ⇒ ~P is FALSE since the conditional and the contrapositive always have the same
truth values..
P Q ~P ~Q P^Q P˅Q P⇒Q ~Q ⇒ ~P

T F F T F T F F

A L

E
B
T
 R U H
T

T
EXERCISES: Determine the truth values in
the truth table below given the following.

r: The sides of a rectangle are equal.

s: 1221 is divisible by 11.

r s ~r ~s r^s r˅s r⇒s ~s ⇒ ~r

A L

E
B
T
 R U H
T

T
Here are the answers:
r: The sides of a rectangle are equal.
s: 1221 is divisible by 11.

r s ~r ~s r^s r˅s r⇒s ~s ⇒ ~r

F T T F F T T T

A L

E
B
T
 Let us try this!! 
(~P ^ Q)(~Q V ~R)

P Q R

T F F

T F T

F T T

F T F
Are there any questions?
Did you

For your asynchronus learning,

learn a lot
today?

accomplish your last activity

during your preferred time
starting after this session until Dec
12, at 11:59 PM. Have fun while
you learn. We shall rise together,
Fatimanians!