HYPOTHESIS TESTING

PREPARED BY: MR. IAN ANTHONY M. TORRENTE, LPT

What is Hypothesis testing?

• A hypothesis is a
statement of belief
used in the evaluation
of population values.
• Statistical hypothesis
test – is a process of
making inference or
generalization on
population parameters
based on the results of
the study on samples.
Types of hypothesis
-There are two kinds of hypothesis , the null hypothesis and the alternative
hypothesis.

• -  A null hypothesis is denoted by is a statement saying that there

is no significant difference between the population parameter and
the value that is being claimed.
• An alternative hypothesis, is denoted by is a statement saying that
there is a significant difference between the population parameter
and the value that is being claimed.
•1.   It is claimed that the mean annually salary of call center customer service
representatives is less than or equal to P188,584.00. A researcher randomly
selected 45 call center customer service representative . He computed the mean of
their annual salaries and obtained a mean of P188,600.00. Does this show that the
mean salary of call center customer service representatives is greater than
188,584.00? Use 0.05 level of significance and assume that the population standard
deviation is P39.50.
1. (claim) The annual mean salary of call center customer service representivative is less
than or equal P188,584.00
2. The annual mean salary of call center customer service representivative is greater than
P188,584.00.

2. It is claimed that the average weight of babies at birth is more than or equal 3.4kg.
The average weight of a random sample of 20 newly born babies was determined.
It was found out that the average weight was 3.1kg. Is there a reason to believe that
the average weight of babies at birth is less than 3.4 kg? Assume that the
population standard deviation is 1.1kg. Use 5% level of significance.
3. (claimed) The average weight of newly born babies is more than or equal 3.4kg.
4. The average weight of newly born babies less than 3.4kg.
• 3.
  The leader of the association of jeepney drivers claims that the
average daily take home pay of all jeepney drivers in Pasay City is
P400.00. A random sample of 100 jeepney drivers in Pasay City
was interviewed and the average daily take home pay of theses
drivers is found to be P425. Use a 0.05 significance level to find
out if the average daily take home pay of all jeepney drivers n
Pasay City is different from P400.00. Assume that the population
variance is P8,464.00.
– The average daily take home pay of all jeepney drivers is P400.00
– The average daily take home pay of all jeepney drivers is not P400.00
 Level of Significance
•  It is the level that corresponds to the area in the critical region.
• It is also the degree of significance in which we reject or recognize
the null hypothesis.
• Rejection region – it is the region at far end of the distribution as
critical region and denoted as .
• Confidence region – It is the region where the sample must be
accepted.
Confidence
Region
REJECTION REGION
REJECTION REGION Critical Value
Critical Value

0
Type of Test
  hypothesis could be be one-sided (directional) or two – sided (non –
• A
directional)
• The one – sided test is referred to as one – tailed test. If the alternative
hypothesis is expressed in terms of “ greater than” or “less than” it is
called one – tailed test.
–
–

0 0

• The two – sided (non – directional) test is referred to as two – tailed

test. If the alternative hypothesis is expressed in a non – equality
statement. It is also located at both tail ends of the curve.
0
Hypothesis Testing for Population Means(z)
• 
Using z – test

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
  : If n ≥30

Critical Values of Z
Significant .10 .05 .25 .01
Level
Type of Test
One – tailed 1.28
Two - tailed 1.645
Two - tailed
• 
Determine the critical value of z.
=
 
• 1. to the right.(one-tailed)
• 2. to the left.( one-tailed)   =

  =

• 4.   =

• 5.   =

Significant .10 .05 .25 .01

Level
Type of Test
One – tailed 1.28
Two - tailed 1.645
Two - tailed
Hypothesis Testing for Population Means(t)

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
  :
𝑥−𝜇
𝑡 =
𝑠
√𝑛

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
  : If n<30

𝑑𝑓
  = ( 𝑛 −1 ) If n<30
 Find the following t- values in the table of t- critical
values.
• 
1. = 1.860
• 2. = 2.145
• 3. =  2.845

• 4. = 1.316
• 5. = 2.306
 

• 6. =0.703

• 7. =  1.721
Steps in Solving Hypothesis testing
• 1. State the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis
• 2. Determine the level of significance ( Critical value/s of z or t.)
• 3. Computed the test statistic (z – test or t – test.)
• 4. Formulating Decision
• 5. Conclusion
 Example 1
• The Head of the P.E Department of a certain high school claims that the mean height
of Grade 7 students is 163 cm. The mean height of 45 randomly selected Grade 7
students is 161 cm. Using 0.01 significance level, can it be concluded that the mean
height of Grade 7 students is different from 163 cm as claimed by the Head of the P.E
Department. Assume that the population standard deviation is 5cm.

  : 4.
  𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑇𝑌𝑃𝐸𝑆 𝑂𝐹 𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑅 )
  𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡
  𝑡h𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 (𝐻 ¿¿ 𝑜)𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡h𝑒 𝐴𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 (𝐻 ¿¿𝑎)¿¿
𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
  𝑡h𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠(𝐻 ¿¿ 𝑜) Accept the Alternative Hypothesis (𝐻 ¿¿𝑎)¿¿
2.
  𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡h𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙∧Critical Value
𝛼  =0.01 5.𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
 
Using
  the critical value for z , z=± 2.58 𝑇h𝑒
  𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒 .
3.𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒
  𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 − 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐

 𝑧= 𝑥 − 𝜇  
𝑧=
161− 163  𝑧=− 2.68
𝜎 5
√𝑛 √ 45

0
 Example 2
• According to last year`s report, a Filipino claims that the households spends an average of
greater than P400.00 per day for food. Suppose you recently took random samples of 25
households. You determined how much each household spent for food each day and the
result revealed a mean of P390.00 and a standard deviation of P21.50. Using a 0.01 level of
significance, can it be concluded that the average amount spent per day for food of a
Filipino household has decreased? Assume normality over the population.

  : 4.
  𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑇𝑌𝑃𝐸𝑆 𝑂𝐹 𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑅 )
   𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑡h𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 (𝐻 ¿¿ 𝑜) 𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡h𝑒 𝐴𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 ¿
(claimed) 𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
  𝑡h𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠(𝐻 ¿¿ 𝑜) Accept the Alternative Hypothesis ¿
2.
  𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡h𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙∧Critical Value
𝛼  =0.01   5.𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
 
= 25 – 1
= 24 𝑇h𝑒
  𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒 .
Using
  the t −table ,t =2.492
3.𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒
  𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 − 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐

𝑥−𝜇 390− 400

𝑡 = 𝑡 =
21.50
𝑡=−2.33
 
𝑠
√𝑛 √ 25
0
 Example 3
• According to the OCTA research, They claimed that at the end of April to total
number of cases of COVID 19 is 1,000,000 with a standard deviation of daily
cases of 15000 per day. One scientist who believed that the cases is 997,000.
He randomly selected a 100 barangays near at the epicenter of the COVID 19.
Assumed that the level of significance is 0.05.

  : 4.
  𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑇𝑌𝑃𝐸𝑆 𝑂𝐹 𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑅 )
  (claim) 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡
  𝑡h𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 (𝐻 ¿¿𝑜)𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡h𝑒 𝐴𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 (𝐻 ¿¿ 𝑎)¿¿
𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
  𝑡h𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠(𝐻 ¿¿ 𝑜) Accept the Alternative Hypothesis ¿
2.
  𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡h𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙∧Critical Value
𝛼  =0.05 5.𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
 
𝑇h𝑒
  𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑒 .
Using
  the z −table , z =±1.96
3.𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒
  𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 − 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐

 𝑧= 𝑥 − 𝜇  
𝑧=
997,000 − 1000000  𝑧=− 2.00
𝜎 15000
√𝑛 √ 100
0
• 
Determine the critical value of z.
=
 
• 1. to the right.(one-tailed)
• 2. to the left.( one-tailed)   =

  =

• 4.   =

• 5.   =

CRITICAL VALUES FOR Z-SCORES

Significant .10 .05 .25 .01

Level
Type of Test
One – tailed 1.28
Two - tailed 1.645
Two - tailed
 Find the following t- values in the table of t- critical
values.
• 
1. = 1.812
• 2. = 2.160
• 3. =  2.845

• 4. = 1.330
• 5. = 2.365
 

• 6. =0.695

• 7. =  1.711
 1. It is claimed that the mean annually salary of call center customer service
representatives is less than P188,584.00. A researcher randomly selected 45 call center
customer service representative . He computed the mean of their annual salaries and
obtained a mean of P188,600.00. Does this show that the mean salary of call center
customer service representatives is greater than or equal 188,584.00? Use 90%
confidence level and assume that the population standard deviation is P39.50.
  : 4.
  𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑇𝑌𝑃𝐸𝑆 𝑂𝐹 𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑅 )
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡
  𝑡h𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 (𝐻 ¿¿ 𝑜)𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡h𝑒 𝐴𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 (𝐻 ¿¿ 𝑎)¿¿
  )

2.
  𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡h𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙∧Critical Value 5.𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
 

3.𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒
  𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 − 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐

0
Significant Level .10 .05 .25 .01
Type
Type of
of Test
Test
One
One –– tailed
tailed 1.28
Two - tailed 1.645
Two - tailed
 • It is claimed that the average weight of babies at birth is more than
3.4kg. The average weight of a random sample of 20 newly born babies
was determined. It was found out that the average weight was 3.1kg. Is
there a reason to believe that the average weight of babies at birth is
less than or equal 3.4 kg? Assume that the population standard
deviation is 1.1kg. Use 95% confidence level?
  : 4.
  𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑇𝑌𝑃𝐸𝑆 𝑂𝐹 𝐸𝑅𝑅𝑂𝑅 )
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡
  𝑡h𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 (𝐻 ¿¿𝑜)𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡h𝑒 𝐴𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡h𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 (𝐻 ¿¿ 𝑎)¿¿
) 

2.
  𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡h𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙∧Critical Value 5.𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
 

3.𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒
  𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 − 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐

0
Significant Level .10 .05 .25 .01
Type
Type of
of Test
Test
One
One –– tailed
tailed 1.28
Two - tailed 1.645
Two - tailed