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Intersections

An intersection is an area where two or more roads cross or join. Intersections can be classified based on their design and traffic controls. They are either at-grade, where traffic flows freely, or grade-separated, where one road passes over or under another using ramps or bridges. Common types of grade-separated intersections include overpasses, underpasses, trumpet interchanges, diamond interchanges, cloverleaf interchanges, and directional interchanges. Proper design of intersections includes features like acceleration and deceleration lanes to allow for safe merging and diverging of traffic flows.

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154 views

Intersections

An intersection is an area where two or more roads cross or join. Intersections can be classified based on their design and traffic controls. They are either at-grade, where traffic flows freely, or grade-separated, where one road passes over or under another using ramps or bridges. Common types of grade-separated intersections include overpasses, underpasses, trumpet interchanges, diamond interchanges, cloverleaf interchanges, and directional interchanges. Proper design of intersections includes features like acceleration and deceleration lanes to allow for safe merging and diverging of traffic flows.

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Marvin Patty
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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English for Civil Engineering

INTERSECTIONS

Juvrianto CJ, S.Pd., M.Pd.


What is intersection

An intersection is the area shared by the joining or crossing of two or


more roads. Since the main function of an intersection is to enable the
road user to make a route choice, it is a point of decision. Hence the
problems that are encountered by the motorist while passing through an
intersection must be recognized and the design should be in such a way
that the driving task is as simple as possible.

An intersection is an at-grade junction where two or more roads or streets


meet or cross. Intersections may be classified by number of road
segments, traffic controls or lane design. (Wikipedia)
Classification of Intersection

Intersections are classified depending upon the treatment of crossing


conflicts as follows

 Grade Separated Intersection.


 At-Grade Intersection
Grade Separated Intersection

It is a bridge that eliminates crossing conflicts at intersections by vertical


separation of roadways in space.

Route transfer at grade separations is accommodated by interchange


facilities consisting of ramps.

The interchange configurations are designed in such a way to


accommodate economically the traffic requirements of flow, operation on
the crossing facilities, physical requirements of the topography, adjoining
land use, type of controls, right-of-way and direction of movements.
Classification of Grade Separated Intersection

The design and operational characteristics of each of the major


interchange types are mentioned as follows and are discussed in the
following sections:

 Underpass
 Overpass
 Trumpet Interchange
 Diamond Interchange
 Cloverleaf Interchange
 Partial Cloverleaf Interchange
 Directional Interchange
Underpass

- An underpass or a tunnel is an underground passageway, completely


enclosed except for openings for ingress and egress, commonly at each
end.
- A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic .
Overpass

- An overpass also known as a flyover, is a bridge, road, railway or similar


structure that crosses over another road or railway.
- A pedestrian overpass allows pedestrians safe crossing over busy roads
without impacting traffic.
Trumpet Interchange

- Trumpet interchanges have been used where one highway terminates at


another highway.
- These involve at least one loop ramp connecting traffic either entering or
leaving the terminating expressway with the far lanes of the continuous
highway.
- The principal advantages are low construction cost and are useful for
highways as well as toll roads.
Diamond Interchange

- A diamond interchange is a common type of road junction, used where a


freeway crosses a minor road.
- The diamond interchange uses less space than most types of freeway
interchange, and avoids the interweaving traffic flows that occur in
interchanges such as the cloverleaf.
- Diamond interchanges are most effective in areas where traffic is light.
Cloverleaf Interchange

- A cloverleaf interchange is a two-level interchange in which left turns


are handled by ramp roads .
- To go left (in right-hand traffic), vehicles first continue as one road
passes over or under the other, then exit right onto a one-way three-
fourths loop ramp (270°) and merge onto the intersecting road.
Partial Cloverleaf Interchange

- Partial clover leaf is a modification that combines some elements of a


diamond interchange with one or more loops of a cloverleaf to eliminate
only the more critical turning conflicts.
- It provides more acceleration and deceleration space on the freeway.
Directional Interchange

- A Directional interchange provides direct paths for left turns.


- These interchanges contain ramps for one or more direct or semi direct
left turning movements.
- Interchanges of two freeways or interchanges with one or more very
heavy turning movements usually warrant direct ramps, which have
higher speeds of operation and higher capacities, compared to loop
ramps.
Design Components

 Acceleration Lane

 Deceleration Lanes
Acceleration Lane

An acceleration lane is defined as extra pavement, of constant or variable


width, placed parallel or nearly so, to a merging maneuver area to
encourage merging at low relative speed.
Deceleration Lane

Deceleration lanes are defined as extra pavement of constant or variable


width, placed parallel or nearly so, to a diverging maneuver area to
encourage diverging at low relative speed.
References

https://knowledge4civil.wordpress.com/2016/12/13/types-of-intersection/

https://www.swov.nl/en/facts-figures/factsheet/types-intersections

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(road)

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