Angle Measurements: Prepared By: Khiel S. Yumul BSGE-3
Angle Measurements: Prepared By: Khiel S. Yumul BSGE-3
Angle Measurements: Prepared By: Khiel S. Yumul BSGE-3
Measurements
Prepared by: Khiel S. Yumul
BSGE-3
angle measurement
Measuring distances alone in surveying does not establish the location of an object. We need to
locate the object in 3 dimensions. To accomplish that we need:
• The most common angular units being employed in the United States and many other countries is the
Sexagesimal System. This system uses angular notation in increments of 60 by dividing the circle into
360 degrees; degrees into 60 minutes; and minutes into 60 seconds. (The circumference of circle is
divided into 360 parts of degrees: each degree is further divided into minutes and seconds)
• Sexagesimal (base-sixty) is a numeral system with sixty as the base. It originated with the ancient
Sumerians in the 2,000s BC, was transmitted to the Babylonians, and is still used in modified form
nowadays for measuring time, angles, and geographic coordinates.
Units of Angular Measurement
• The number 60, a highly composite number, has twelve factors—1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 60—of which 2,
3, and 5 are prime. With so many factors, many fractions of sexagesimal numbers are simple. For example, an hour
can be divided evenly into segments of 30 minutes, 20 minutes, 15 minutes, etc. Sixty is the smallest number
divisible by every number from 1 to 6.
Therefore;
1 circle = 360° = 21,600´ = 1,296,000
1° = 60´ = 3600˝
1´ = 60˝
Units of Angular Measurement
• In Europe:
Centesimal System - The circumference of circles is divided into 400 parts called gon (previously
called grads)
The grad is the unit of measure in the centesimal system. In
this. system the circumference of a circle is divided into 400
parts called grads . The grad is subdivided into l00
centesimal minutes and a centesimal minute is further
subdivided into 100 centesimal seconds.
The symbols g, c and cc are used to denote grads,
centesimal l minutes, and centesimal seconds, respectively.
It will be noted that 200 grads is equal to 180 degrees. This
system is a decimal one which is of some advantage when
mathematical calculations are required.
Units of Angular Measurement
• Mil
The circumference is divided into 6400 parts, called mils, or 1600 mils is equal to 90 degrees. The
mil will subtend very nearly one linear unit in a distance of 1000 such units. It is commonly used in
military operations as in fire direction of artillery units
Units of Angular Measurement
• Radian
The radian is another measure of angles used frequently for a host of calculations. One radian is
defined as the angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc length exactly equal to the radius of the
circle. One radian equals 180/pie or approximately 57.2958 degrees and, one degree equals pie/180 or
approximately O. 0174533 radians.
Angles to the right are turned from the back line in a clockwise or right
hand direction to the ahead line
Angles to the left are turned from the back line in a counter-clock wise or
left hand direction to the ahead line
Angles are normally measured with a transit or a theodolite, but a
compass may be used for reconnaissance work
Closed Polygon
Solutions:
Figure (1) bearing of OA, ϴ =N 54°20’ E
Figure (2) bearing of OB, ϴ =180° - 154°25’
= S 25°35’ E
Figure(3) bearing of OC , ϴ =,261°25' - 180°
=S 81°25’ W
Figure (4) bearing of OD, ϴ =360° - 312°38’
=N 47°22’ W
Sample Problems & Computations
Compute the angles APB, CPD, and EPF from the following set of
lines whose azimuths are given.
Solutions:
a)
Solutions:
b)
c)
Compass and the
earth’s magnetic
field
The compass has been used by navigators and
others for many centuries.
Compass The surveyor's compass is an instrument for
determining difference in direction between
The compass is a handheld instrument for determining any horizontal line and a magnetic needle, the
the of a line with a reference to the magnetic meridian. needle pointing towards the magnetic north.
For many centuries the compass has been widely used
in navigation. In earlier land surveys and prior to the
Magnetic compasses, though of limited
invention of the transit, it was the only practical accuracy, have the advantage of giving reading
instrument for measuring directions and horizontal directly in terms of directions or bearings
angles. referred to magnetic north.
It is still employed for reconnaissance and preliminary Prismatic compasses can either be used
surveys, in timber cruising and exploratory surveys, in
independently or in conjunction with other
retracing old land surveys, and in obtaining rough
checks on angles or directions measured by more
angle measuring instruments in orienting a map
precise methods. or plane table and making a survey or traverse.
B
C B
D
Where,
A – Baseplate
B – Sight Vanes
C – Compass Box
A D – Level Vial
ϴ= Sum/n = 540/5
= 108° (since the field is a regular polygon, the
value of the interior angles ϴa , ϴb, ϴc, ϴd , and ϴe
are all equal)
B)
b) Determining True Bearing and True Azimuth of Side
AB
Given:
α = 30° 30’ (bearing angle of side AB)
λ = 180° + α = 180° + 30° 30’
= 210° 30’ (true azimuth from
south of side AB)
Solutions:
C) Determining True Bearing and True Azimuth of Side BC
Given:
C) α = 30° 30’ (bearing angle of side BA)
ϴ = 108° (Interior angle at corner B)
Ρ = ϴb - α = 108° - 30°30’
= 77°30’ (Therefore, the true bearing of side BC is S 77 ° 30’ E)
λ = 360o - Ρ = 360° - 77° 30’
= 282° 30’ (true azimuth from south of side BC)