L16-1

Review: Multiple Steady States in CSTR

1
XA,EB
0.8
XA,MB
XA

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
T (K)
• Plot of XA,EB vs T and XA,MB vs T
• Intersections are the T and XA that satisfy both mass balance (MB) &
energy balance (EB) equations
• Each intersection is a steady state (temperature & conversion)
• Multiple sets of conditions are possible for the same reaction in the same
reactor with the same inlet conditions!
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
 L16-2

Review: Heat Removal Term R(T) & T0

Heat removed: R(T) Heat generated G(T)

 r V    UA Cp0FA0 Tc   Ta  T0
Cp0  1     T  TC   HRX  A  1 
 FA0 
R(T) line has slope of CP0(1+k) R(T) =∞
=0
R(T)

Increase 
Increase T0 For Ta < T0
Ta T0 T

T
When k increases from lowering
FA0 or increasing heat exchange,
When T0 increases, slope stays slope and x-intercept moves
same & line shifts to right Ta<T0: x-intercept shifts left as k↑
Ta>T0: x-intercept shifts right as k↑
k=0, then TC=T0 k=∞, then TC=Ta
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
 L16-3

Review: CSTR Stability

G(T)  Ta  T0   UA Cp0FA0 G(T) > R(T)
Tc  → T rises to
1 
R(T) T=SS3 3
R(T) > G(T)
R(T) > G(T) → T
→T falls to T=SS3
G(T) > R(T) falls to T=SS1 2
→ T rises to
T=SS1 Heat generated G(T)
Heat removed: R(T)
 rA V 
1 Cp0  1     T  TC   HRX  
 FA0 
T
• Magnitude of G(T) to R(T) curve determines if reactor T will rise or fall
• G(T) = R(T) intersection, equal rate of heat generation & removal, no
change in T
• G(T) > R(T) (G(T) line above R(T) on graph): rate of heat generation > heat
removal, so reactor heats up until a steady state is reached
• R(T) > G(T) (R(T) line above G(T) on graph): rate of heat generation < heat
removal, so reactor cools off until a steady state is reached
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
 L16-4
L16: Unsteady State Nonisothermal
Reactor Design
Q
Goal: develop EB for unsteady state reactor
Fin Fout

An open system (for example, CSTR) Hin Hout

W

dEsys n n
 
Q  
W   FE
i i in   FE
i i out
dt i1 i1
Rate of rate of heat Rate of work Rate of energy Rate of energy
accumulation flow from done by added to leaving system
of energy in
= surroundings
- system on
+ system by
- by mass flow
system to system surroundings mass flow in out

dEsys dEsys
 0 steady state  0 unsteady state
dt dt
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
 L16-5

Change in System Energy with Time

dEsys n n
Q
 W
   FE
i i in   FE
i i out
dt i1 i1
n
Energy of system is the sum of products of each species E
sys   NiEi
specific energy Ei & the moles of each species: i1
n
Ei  Ui & Ui   Hi  PVi  so:  Esys   Ni  Hi  PVi  Differentiate wrt time
i1
dEsys dn  dEsys n dHi n dNi d  n 
    Ni  Hi  PVi      i
N   i
H    i i
P N V
dt dt i1  dt i1 dt i1 dt dt  i1 
Total V
dEsys n dHi n dNi d
   Ni   Hi   PV  For well-mixed reactor
dt i1 dt i1 dt dt with constant PV- variation
0
n n n dHi n dNi
 W
Q    FH   FH   Ni   Hi
S i i i i
i1 in i1 o ut i1 dt i1 dt
Total Energy Balance for unsteady state, constant PV
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
 L16-6

Well-Mixed Reactors, Constant PV

Total Energy Balance for unsteady state
n n n dHi n dNi d
Q  W
   FH   FH
S i i i i   Ni   Hi   PV  = 0
i1 in i1 out i1 dt i1 dt dt

Special case: well-mixed reactors (e.g., batch, CSTR or semibatch) with

constant PV- variation in total P or V can be neglected
n n n dHi n dNi
Q
 W
   FH
S i i   FH
i i   Ni   Hi
i1 in i1 out i1 dt i1 dt

Total Energy Balance for unsteady state, constant PV

dHi T dHi dT
Evaluate recalling that Hi  H RX  TR    Cpi dT so

Cpi
dt T dt dt
R
n n n dT n dNi
Q
 W
   FH
S i i   FH
i i   NiCpi   Hi
i1 in i1 out i1 dt i1 dt
Need to put dNi/dt into terms that can be measured
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
 L16-7

EB for Well-Mixed Reactors, DPV=0

n n n dT n dNi
 W
Q    FH   FH   NiCpi   Hi
S i i i i
i1 in i1 out i1 dt i1 dt
From the mass balance:
Accumulation = In - Out + Gen
dNi dNi
 Fi0  F i  i  rA  V   Fi0  F i  irA V Substitute
dt d t
n n n dT n
 Q  WS   FH
 
i i   FH i i   NiCpi   Hi  Fi0  F i  irA V 
i1 in i1 out i1 dt i1
n n n n n n
Q    F H   FH   N C dT   H F   H F    H  r V 
 W
S i0 i0 i i i pi i i0 i i i i A
i1 i1 i1 dt i1 i1 i1
Add SFiHi to both sides of equation:
n n dT n n
 Q  WS   Fi0Hi0   NiCpi i i0    iHi  rA V 
  HF
 
i1 i1 dt i1 i1
Substitute ΣniHi =DH°RX(T): DH°RX(T)
n n n
Q    F H   N C dT   HF  H  T   r V 
 W
S i0 i0 i pi i i0 RX A
i1 i1 dt i1
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
 L16-8

Simplified EB for Well-Mixed Reactors

n dT n n
   i i0  H RX  T   rA V 
  HF
  
Solve for dT/dt: Q W S  F H
i0 i0  N C
i pi
i1 i1 dt i1
Bring SFi0Hi and DH°RX(T) terms to other side of equation:
n n dT n
 Q  WS   Fi0Hi0   HFi i0  H RX  T   rA V    NiCpi
  
i1 i1 i1 dt

Factor SFi0Hi0 and SFi0Hi terms and divide by SNiCpi :

n
   F  H  H   H  T   r V 
 W
Q
Energy balance for S i0 i i0 RX A
dT
i1 
unsteady state reactor n dt
with phase change:  NiCpi
i1

n
   F C  T  T   H  T   r V 
 W
Q
Energy balance for S i0 pi i0 RX A
dT
i1 
unsteady state reactor n dt
without phase change:  NiCpi
i1
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
 L16-9

Unsteady State EB, Liquid-Phase Rxns

n
   F C  T  T   H  T   r V 
 W
Q S i0 pi i0 RX A
i1 dT

n dt
 NiCpi
i1
For liquid-phase reactions, often DCp = SniCpi is so small it can be neglected
When DCp can be neglected, then:
n
 NiCpi  NA0 Cps where Cps  i Cpi is the heat capacity of the solution
i1
If the feed is well-mixed, it is convenient to use:
Fi0 Cpi  FA0 Cps

Plug these equations and Ti0 = T0 into the EB gives:

Q   F C  T  T   H  T   r V 
 W dT
S A 0 ps i0 RX A

NA0 Cps dt
This equation for the EB is simultaneously solved with the mass
balance (design eq) for unsteady state, nonisothermal reactor design
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
 L16-10

Nonisothermal Batch Reactor Design

n
   F C  T  T   H  T   r V 
 W
Q S i0 pi i0 RX A
i1 0 dT
n

dt
 NiCpi
i1

No flow, so: Q   H  T   r V 

 W dT
S RX A
 
n dt
 NiCpi
i1
Put the energy balance Ni0
Ni  NA0  i   i XA  where i  &  iCpi  CP
in terms of XA: NA 0
Q   H  T   r V 
 W dT
S RX A
 
n  dt
NA0   iCpi  Cp X A 
i1 
Solve with the batch reactor design equation using an ODE solver (Polymath)
dX A
NA0  rA V
dt
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
 L16-11
Adiabatic Nonisothermal Batch
Reactor Design
0 0
 W
Q   H  T   r V  dT
S RX A
 
 n  dt
NA0   iCpi  Cp XA 
i1 
In the case of no stirring work and adiabatic operation, W  0
 =0 & Q
S
HRX  T   rA V  dT Substitute:  RX  T   rA V 

  H dT
n  dt  iCpi  Cps  
NA0   iCpi  Cp X A  NA0 Cps  Cp XA  dt
i1 
dT
  RX    A      

Rearrange: H T r V N C
A0  pS C X
p A
dt
dX A
 RX     RX  R    p  R  rA V
 
Substitute: H T H T C T T an d -N A0
dt
dX A dT
   HRX  TR   Cp  T  TR   NA 0  NA0 CpS  Cp X A 
  dt dt
dX dT
   HRX  TR   Cp  T  TR   A  CpS  Cp XA 
  dt dt
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
Solve for how XA   H  T   C  T  T   dX A  C  C X  dTL16-12
 RX R p R 
dt  pS p A
dt
changes with T
   HRX  TR   Cp  T  TR   dX A  CpS  Cp XA  dT
 
Get like terms together:
XA T
dX A dT
   
X A0 0 CpS  Cp XA T HRX  TR   Cp  T  TR 
0

Integrate & solve for XA:

CpS  T  T0  CpS  T  T0 
 XA   XA 
  HRX  TR   Cp  T  TR   HRX  T 

Solving for T:
 HRX  T0   XA  HRX  T0   XA
T  T0     T  T0   
Cps  X A Cp n
 iCpi  X A Cp
Heat capacity of soln (calculate Cps if not given) i1
Solve with the batch reactor design equation using an ODE solver (Polymath)
XA
dX A
t  NA0 
0 rA V
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
 L16-13
A 1st order, liquid-phase, exothermic reaction A→B is run in a batch reactor.
The reactor is well-insulated, so no heat is lost to the surroundings. To control
the temperature, an inert liquid C is added to the reaction. The flow rate of C
is adjusted to keep T constant at 100 °F. What is the flow rate of C after 2h?
TC0 = 80 °F V0= 50 ft3 D H°RX=-25000 Btu/lb mol
k(100 °F)= 1.2 x 10-4 s-1 Cp, (all components)= 0.5 Btu/lb mol °F
CA0= 0.5 lb mol/ft3
1. Solve design eq for comp as function of t
2. Solve EB for FC0 using that info & T=100 °F
This is essentially a semi-batch reactor since only C is fed into the reactor
dNA dX A
Design eq:  rA V Note, using NA0  rA V would complicate
dt d t
the calculation because V depends on t
Rate eq: -rA = kCA
dNA dNA
Combine:  kC A V   kNA Rearrange and integrate for NA
dt dt
NA
dNA t  NA 
    kdt  ln    kt  NA  NA0 exp  kt 
N NA
A0 0  NA0 
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
 L16-14
A 1st order, liquid-phase, exothermic reaction A→B is run in a batch reactor.
The reactor is well-insulated, so no heat is lost to the surroundings. To control
the temperature, an inert liquid C is added to the reaction. The flow rate of C
is adjusted to keep T constant at 100 °F. What is the flow rate of C after 2h?
Use EB to find how the flow rate of C depends on the rxn (solve EB for FC0)
0 0 n
 W
Q    F C  T  T   H  T   r V 
S i0 pi i0 RX A
dT i1

dt n
0  NiCpi
i1
n n
0  
  Fi0Cpi T  Ti0  HRX   A 
T r V   F C
i0 pi  T  Ti0   H
RX  T   rA V 
i1 i1

C is the only species that flows, so:  F C

C0 pC  T  Ti0   H
RX  T   rA V 

rAV = -kCAV = -kNA where NA  NA0 exp  kt 


 FC0 CpC  T  Ti0   HRX  T  kNA0 ekt 
Isolate FC0:  FC0 

HRX  T  kNA0 ekt 
CpC  T  Ti0 
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
 L16-15
A 1st order, liquid-phase, exothermic reaction A→B is run in a batch reactor.
The reactor is well-insulated, so no heat is lost to the surroundings. To control
the temperature, an inert liquid C is added to the reaction. The flow rate of C
is adjusted to keep T constant at 100 °F. What is the flow rate of C after 2h?
TC0 = 80 °F V0= 50 ft3 D H°RX=-25000 Btu/lb mol
k(100 °F)= 1.2 x 10-4 s-1 Cp, (all components)= 0.5 Btu/lb mol °F
CA0= 0.5 lb mol/ft3

FC0 

HRX  T  kNA 0 ekt  NA0  CA0 V0  0.5
lb mol
 
50ft 3  25 lb mol
CpC  T  Ti0  ft3

At 2h (7200s):
25,000
Btu   4 
 1.2  10 s  25 lb mol  e
1
 1.210  
4 s1 7200s 

lb mol  
FC0   
0.5
Btu
lb mol  F

100 F  80 F 
lb mol
 FC0  3.16
s
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
 L16-16
Instead of feeding coolant to the reactor, a solvent with a low boiling point is
added (component D). The solvent has a heat of vaporization of 1000 Btu/lb
mol, and initially 25 lb mol of A are placed in the tank. The reactor is well-
insulated. What is the rate of solvent evaporation after 2 h if T is constant at
100 °F?Additional info: k(100 °F)= 1.2 x 10-4 s-1 DH°RX=-25000 Btu/lb mol
Still a semibatch reactor, where D is removed from the reactor
Use EB that accounts for a phase change:
0 0 n
   F  H  H   H  T   r V 
Q  W Q˙ =0
S i0 i0 i RX A
dT i 1
 n ẆS=0
dt
0  NiCpi
i1

Clicker Question: Does dT/dt = 0?

a) Yes
b) No

Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
 L16-17
Instead of feeding coolant to the reactor, a solvent with a low boiling point is
added (component D). The solvent has a heat of vaporization of 1000 Btu/lb
mol, and initially 25 lb mol of A are placed in the tank. What is the rate of
solvent evaporation after 2 h?
Additional info: k(100 °F)= 1.2 x 10-4 s-1 DH°RX=-25000 Btu/lb mol
Still a semibatch reactor, where D is removed from the reactor
Use EB that accounts for a phase change:
0 0 n
   F  H  H   H  T   r V 
Q  W Q˙ =0
S i0 i0 i RX A
dT i 1
 n ẆS=0
dt
0  NiCpi dT/dt = 0
i1
n D is the only species that ‘flows’,
  Fi0  Hi0  Hi   HRX  T   rA V 
i1 and rAV = -kNA0(exp[-kt]), so:


 FD0  Hi0  Hi   HRX  T  kNA 0 ekt  F   
HRX  T  kNA0 ekt 
D0
Hi0-Hi = heat of vap
 Hi0  Hi 
Btu  0.00012
25,000   25 lb mol e 0.00012 s  7200s   F  0.0316 lb mol
lbmol  s  D0
FD0  s
1000Btu lb mol
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
A liquid phase exothermic reaction A →B is carried out at 358K in a 0.2 m3 CSTR.L16-18
The coolant temperature is 273K and the heat transfer coefficient (U) is 7200
J/min·m2·K. What is the heat exchange area required for steady state operation?
Using this heat exchange area, plot T vs t for reactor start-up.
CPA =CPS=20 J/g•K ẆS=0 CA0= 180 g/dm3 u0= 500 dm3/min T0= 313 K
r= 900 g/dm3 DH°RX(T) = -2500 J/g E=94852 J/mol·K k(313K)= 1.1 min-1
a) Heat exchange area for steady state operation:
n
SS operation Q    F C  T  T   H  T   r V 
 W
S i0 pi i0 RX A
dT i1
means that T is  n
0
constant, so: dt
 NiCpi
i1
n
Q    F C  T  T   H  T   r V 
 W
S i0 pi i0 RX A
i1
Q˙ =UA(Ta-T), ẆS=0, and A is only species that flows
 UA  Ta  T   FA0 CpA  T  TA0   HRX  T   rA V 
Plug in rA = -kCA and solve for A
 UA  Ta  T   FA0 CpA  T  TA0   HRX  T   kC A V 

HRX  T   kCA V   FA0 CpA  T  TA0 

A
U  Ta  T 
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
A liquid phase exothermic reaction A →B is carried out at 358K in a 0.2 m3 CSTR.L16-19
The coolant temperature is 273K and the heat transfer coefficient (U) is 7200
J/min·m2·K. What is the heat exchange area required for steady state operation?
Using this heat exchange area, plot T vs t for reactor start-up.
CPA =CPS=20 J/g•K ẆS=0 CA0= 180 g/dm3 u0= 500 dm3/min T0= 313 K
r= 900 g/dm3 DH°RX(T) = -2500 J/g E=94852 J/mol·K k(313K)= 1.1 min-1
Use material balance to determine steady state value of CA
FA0  FA  rA V  0  CA00  CA0  kCA V  0  CA00  CA0  kCA V

CA00 1.1  94852J mol  1 1  107.4

  CA k  358K  = exp       k  358K  
0  kV min  8.314 J mol  K  313 358   min

CA 

180 g dm3 500 dm3 min   CA  4.1g dm3

500 dm3 min  107.4min1 200dm3 
HRX  T   kC A V   FA0 CpA  T  TA0 
Solve EB for A: A
U  Ta  T 

 g  dm3  3  1000dm
3  3
FA0   180 500   90000 g min V=0.2m    200dm
3   min   3
 dm    m 
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
A liquid phase exothermic reaction A →B is carried out at 358K in a 0.2 m3 CSTR.L16-20
The coolant temperature is 273K and the heat transfer coefficient (U) is 7200
J/min·m2·K. What is the heat exchange area required for steady state operation?
Using this heat exchange area, plot T vs t for reactor start-up.
CPA =CPS=20 J/g•K ẆS=0 CA0= 180 g/dm3 u0= 500 dm3/min T0= 313 K
r= 900 g/dm3 DH°RX(T) = -2500 J/g E=94852 J/mol·K k(313K)= 1.1 min-1
Solve for heat exchange area at SS:
HRX  T   kCA V   FA 0 CpA  T  TA 0 
A
U  Ta  T 

FA0=90,000 g/min V=200 dm3

DH°RX(T) = -2500 J/g k= 107.4 min-1 CA= 4.1 g/dm3 CPA =20 J/g•K
U= 7200 J/min·m2·K TA0= 313 K T= 358K Ta=273K
 J   107.4  g  3  g  J 
  2500     4.1  200dm    90000  20   358K  313K 
g   min  3
dm    min   g  K 
A 
 J 
 7 200
2   273K  358K 
 min m  K 

A=227.4 m2

Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
 L16-21
Will use Polymath to plot T vs t for CSTR start-up (unsteady-state). Need
equations for dCA/dt, dT/dt, and k.
dNA dCA CA0 C A
Mass balance:  FA0  FA  rA V     rA
dt dt  
dT UA  Ta  T   FA0CpA  T  Ti0   H RX  rA V 

 n
dt
 Ni0Cps
i1
CPs is in terms of mass (J/g·K), so FA0 & Ni0 must also be in terms of mass
FA0=90,000 g/min
Substitute ṁi0 for Ni0, & use r for the solution to calculate:
 g 
m i0  V  m  i0  200dm3  900 m  i0  180,000g rA=-kCA
3
 dm 
Amount of gas leaving reactor (L7)
1.1  94852 J mol  1 1  1.1 11408.7  1 1 
k= exp       k= exp    
min  8.314 J mol  K  313 T  min  K  313 T 

U= 7200 J/min·m2·K A=227.4m2 CA0=180g/dm3 t=V/u0 Ta=273K

DHRX=-2500 J/g Ni0=mi0 V=200 dm3 CPs=20 J/g˙K u 0=500 dm3 T0=313
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
 L16-22
Will use Polymath to plot T vs t for CSTR start-up (unsteady-state). Need
equations for dCA/dt, dT/dt, and k.
dCA CA0 C A 1.1 11408.7  1 1 
    rA k= exp     rA=-kCA
dt   min  K  313 T  
dT UA  Ta  T   FA0CpA  T  Ti0   H RX  rA V 

 n
m i0  180,000g
dt
 Ni0Cps FA0=90,000 g/min
i1

U= 7200 J/min·m2·K A=227.4m2 CA0=180g/dm3 t=V/u0 Ta=273K

DHRX=-2500 J/g Ni0=mi0 V=200 dm3 CPs=20 J/g˙K u 0=500 dm3 T0=313

Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
 L16-23

T (K)

t (min)

Reaches steady state at ~12 minutes

Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
The elementary, liquid phase, exothermic reaction A →B is carried out in a 2 m3 L16-24
CSTR that is equipped with a heat jacket. Pure A enters the reactor at 60 mol/min and
a temperature of 310K. The coolant in the heat jacket is kept at 280 K. Provide all
equations, all constants, the initial time, and the final time that must be entered into
Polymath in order to plot temperature vs time for the first 20 min of reactor start-up.
ΔHRX(TR) = -10,000 cal/mol CPA = CPS =15 cal/mol·K CpB=15 cal/mol·K ẆS=0
E = 20,000 cal/mol k = 1 min-1 at 400 K UA= 3200 cal/min•K u0= 300 L/min
Need equations for how T changes with time, CA changes with time, & k changes with T.
n
   F C  T  T   H  T   r V 
 W
 
Q S i0 pi i0 RX A
dT i1  0
W   UA T - T
Q
 S
a
dt n
 NiCpi
i1
b cal
HRX  T   HRX  TR   CP  T  TR  CP  CPB  CPA  Cp   15  15 0
a mol  K
cal
 HRX  T   HRX  TR   0  H RX  T   10,000

mol
n n n
F C i0 pi  FA 0 Cp,A  FB0 Cp,B FB0  0   Fi0 Cpi  FA 0 Cp,A  NiCpi  NA0 Cps
i 1 i 1 i1

Combine with EB: dT 

UA T
a
- T  FA 0Cp,A  
T  Ti 0   H
T r V
RX R A  
dt NA0 Cps
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
The elementary, liquid phase, exothermic reaction A →B is carried out in a 2 m3 L16-25
CSTR that is equipped with a heat jacket. Pure A enters the reactor at 60 mol/min and
a temperature of 310K. The coolant in the heat jacket is kept at 280 K. Provide all
equations, all constants, the initial time, and the final time that must be entered into
Polymath in order to plot temperature vs time for the first 20 min of reactor start-up.
ΔHRX(TR) = -10,000 cal/mol CPA = CPS =15 cal/mol·K CpB=15 cal/mol·K ẆS=0
E = 20,000 cal/mol k = 1 min-1 at 400 K UA= 3200 cal/min•K u0= 300 L/min
Need equations for how T changes with time, CA changes with time, & k changes with T.
HRX  T   10,000
cal
mol dT 
UA T
a
- 
T  F 
C
A 0 p,A  T  Ti0   H
T r V
RX R A  
dt NA0 Cps
UA  3200 Ta  280
 20,000  1 1 
FA0  60 CPA  15 Ti0  310 rA  kCA k   1 exp    
 1.987  400 T  
NA 0 FA 0 V 0  300
FA0 
V
0  NA0 
0 CPS  15
 
V  2m3 1000L 1m3  V  2000

t  0  0 t  f   20 Use the mass balance to get eq for CA(t)

dNA dNA dC A C A 0 C A
 FA 0  FA  rA V   C   C   k C V     kC A
dt dt
A0 0 A 0 A
dt  
  V 0 C A0  FA 0 0
Slides courtesy of Prof M L Kraft, Chemical & Biomolecular Engr Dept, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.