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Motivation For Ip: Rakesh Soni M.E. (CSE) Assistant Professor, Piet

The document discusses the motivation for studying image processing (IP). It provides three key applications of IP: (1) Medical diagnosis, where IP can help surgeons more accurately detect cancer; (2) Industrial inspection, where IP can detect manufacturing defects; (3) Military operations, where IP can help target strikes. Overall, the document argues that IP plays a vital role across many fields by helping with life-saving tasks, improving efficiency, and aiding autonomous machine perception.

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RakeshSoni
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300 views87 pages

Motivation For Ip: Rakesh Soni M.E. (CSE) Assistant Professor, Piet

The document discusses the motivation for studying image processing (IP). It provides three key applications of IP: (1) Medical diagnosis, where IP can help surgeons more accurately detect cancer; (2) Industrial inspection, where IP can detect manufacturing defects; (3) Military operations, where IP can help target strikes. Overall, the document argues that IP plays a vital role across many fields by helping with life-saving tasks, improving efficiency, and aiding autonomous machine perception.

Uploaded by

RakeshSoni
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MOTIVATION FOR IP

Rakesh Soni
M.E. (CSE)
Assistant Professor,
PIET
WHY STUDY IP:

BECAUSE
IP has applications
In all walks of human life
What is an image?

 a representation, likeness, or imitation of an


object or thing
 a vivid or graphic description
 something introduced to represent something
else
“ One Picture is worth more than ten
thousand words.”
An Image is defined as a two-dimensional function, f(x,y),
where x and y are spatial (plane) coordinates, and the amplitude
of f at any pair of coordinates (x,y) is called the intensity or
gray level of the image at that point.

When x, y and the intensity values of f are all finite, discrete


quantities, we call the image a digital image.

The elements are called picture elements, image elements, pels


and pixels.
I. P. APPLICATIONS:
 Health Care and Medical diagnostics.
 Resources Surveying.
 Industrial Applications.
 Security and Surveillance.
 Water/ Irrigation project management.
 Military combat operations.
 Environment and Pollution control.
Case-I:

Medical Diagnosis
A surgeon is viewing an X-ray plate of
patient suspected to behaving cancerous
growth in chest area. As it is soft-tissue
X-ray, contrast is inadequate to locate the
cancer accurately.
The surgeon can take one of the two
decisions

1.To go ahead with the operation

2.Not to do the operation.


If the surgeon decides on the
first choice and opens up the
body and finds that no cancerous cells at
all. The patient unnecessarily goes through
surgical reghours of medical operation.
If the surgeon decides not to operate and if
there is cancerous cell growth, it will
rapidly spread in the entire body and
ultimately kill the patient, in a few weeks
time.
WHAT CAN IP DO?:

Image enhancement techniques in IP


Can compliment the surgeon and
assist him to take correct
decision,Know precisely the location
of Cancerous cell growth, thus confine
the operation to limited area.

SAVE THE PATIENT.


Case-II:

Industrial Inspection
LSI Devices manufacturing plant receives a
large quantity of raw materials, Silicon
Wafers, with some impurities, not possible
to detect using normal methods.
Manufacturing proceeds and LSI devices are
produced in bulk. Entire batch gets rejected
as it fails to meet the specifications. All
foundry capacity, time, effort gets wasted.
WHAT CAN IP DO?:
 With proper IP tools, it is possible to
detect impurity levels exceeding limits at
raw material stage itself.
 I. P. thus saves wastages
And
 Boosts productivity.
CASE-III:

MILITARY COMBATS
Modern military combats involve
“Air Raids” with aim of destroying military
bases and thus weaken the enemy.
If AR operations are carried out
blindly, it will destroy civil amenities,
hospitals, schools etc. Military bases
may remain unaffected.

Waste of AR effort and expenses.


Killing innocent civilians raises
Hue & cry at UN bodies and creates a
world sympathy for the enemy.
WHAT CAN IP DO?:
 With IP one can get precise locations
of Military Bases and weapon storage
locations, through spying ventures.
Thus AR operations can be precisely
targeted to destroy the enemy fully.
A common thread in all the above cases
is:

IMAGE PROCESSING
For Life saving, Efficiency and Efficacy .
Even though only illustrative cases are given
above, IP plays vital roll for variety of applications
namely, Resources Surveying, Security &
Surveillance, Water & Irrigation projects,
Astronomy & science search, Environmental &
Pollution control And many many other fields.
WHAT is IP ?
 It is an engineering science in which we
capture two dimensional picture
information and process it using digital
computing facilities.
 The information is then compared with the
vast knowledge/data base on the subject,
for effective interpretation and correct
decision making.
KEY WORDS in IP are:

Engineering Science, Two-D Information,


Digital Computing Interpretation,
Decision making and KNOWLEDGE-BASE
Image Processing consists of:
Image Acquisition.
Image digitization & sampling.
Image Processing.
Image Interpretation.
Image Compression.
Digital Image Processing  Why ?

1. Improvement of pictorial information for human


interpretation

2. Processing of image data for storage ,


transmission and representation for autonomous
machine perception
Digital Image Processing

Process digital images by means of computer, it covers


low-, mid-, and high-level processes
 low-level: inputs and outputs are images
 mid-level: outputs are attributes extracted
from input images
 high-level: an ensemble of recognition of
individual objects
Elements of visual perception:

• Field of DIP is built on a foundation of mathematical


and probabilistic formulations.

• Human intuition and analysis play central role in the


choice of one technique versus another.

• Developing a basic understanding of human visual


perception as a first step.
Structure of Human Eye:
 Fig. shows the density of rods and cones for a cross section of the right eye passing
through the region of emergence of the optic nerve from the eye.
 The absence of receptors in this area results in the so-called blind spot.
 Except for this region, the distribution of receptors is radially symmetric about fovea.
 Receptor density is measured in degrees from the fovea.
Image formation in the Eye:

15/100=h/17 or h=2.55 mm
Image Sensing & Acquisition:

Transform
illumination
energy into
digital images

Image
Acquisition Using
Sensor Arrays:
Image Acquisition Using Single Sensor:
Image Acquisition Using
Sensor Strips:
A Simple Image formation model:
A Simple Image Formation Model

f ( x, y )  i ( x, y )r ( x, y )

f ( x, y ) : intensity at the point (x, y )


i ( x, y ) : illumination at the point (x, y)
(the amount of source illumination incident on the scene)
r ( x, y ) : reflectance/transmissivity at the point (x, y )
(the amount of illumination reflected/transmitted by the object)
where 0 < i( x, y ) <  and 0 < r ( x, y) < 1
Some Typical Ranges of illumination

 Illumination
Lumen — A unit of light flow or luminous flux
Lumen per square meter (lm/m2) — The metric unit of measure for
illuminance of a surface

– On a clear day, the sun may produce in excess of 90,000 lm/m2 of illumination on
the surface of the Earth

– On a cloudy day, the sun may produce less than 10,000 lm/m2 of illumination on the
surface of the Earth

– On a clear evening, the moon yields about 0.1 lm/m2 of illumination

– The typical illumination level in a commercial office is about 1000 lm/m2


Some Typical Ranges of Reflectance

 Reflectance

– 0.01 for black velvet

– 0.65 for stainless steel

– 0.80 for flat-white wall paint

– 0.90 for silver-plated metal

– 0.93 for snow


Range of subjective sensations showing a particular adaptation
level
Basic Experimental setup used to characterize brightness
discrimination

Weber ratio as a function of intensity


Perceived brightness is not a simple function of intensity. The relative vertical
positions betn two profiles in (b) have no special significance; they were chosen
for clarity
All inner squares have same intensity, but they appear progressively
darker as the background becomes lighter
Optical illusions
Fraser’s spiral
Image Sampling and Quantization
Effects of varying no. of samples in Digital Image
(a) 1024*1024, 8-bit ima
(b) 512*512 image resampled into 1024*1024 pixels by row and
column duplication. (c) through (f) 256*256, 128*128, 64*64, and
32*32 images resampled into
1024*1024 pixels.
Image Zooming

steps: 1) the creation of new pixel locations,


2) the assignment of gray levels to those new
locations.

Methods:
1) Nearest neighbor interpolation
2) Pixel replication:
3) Bilinear interpolation:
Image Shrinking

Methods :

For integer factor  row-column deletion

For noninteger factor zooming grid analogy


Neighbors of a Pixel

A pixel p at coordinates (x, y) has four horizontal and vertical


neighbors whose coordinates are given by
(x+1, y), (x-1, y), (x, y+1), (x, y-1)
This set of pixels, called the 4-neighbors of p, is denoted by N4(p).
Each pixel is a unit distance from (x, y), and some of neighbors of
p lie outside the digital image if (x, y) is on the border of the image.

The four diagonal neighbors of p have coordinates


(x+1, y+1), (x+1, y-1), (x-1, y+1), (x-1, y-1)
and are denoted by ND(p).

These points, together with the 4-neighbors, are called the 8-eight
neighbors of p, denoted by N8(p).
As before, some of the points in ND(p) and N8(p) fall outside the
image if (x, y) is on the border of the image.
Neighbors of a Pixel

 Connectivity

 Adjacency

 Regions

 Boundaries
Adjacency

Let V be the set of gray-level values

4-adjacency:Two pixels p and q with value from V are


4-adjacent if q is in the set N4(p).
8-adjacency:Two pixels p and q with value from V are
8-adjacent if q is in the set N8(p).
m-adjacency: (mixed adjacency). Two pixels p and q with
values from V are m-adjacent
If,
(i) q is in N4(p), or
(ii) q is in ND(p) and the set N4(p) Π N4(q) has no pixels whose
values are from V.
(a) Arrangement of pixels; (b) pixels that are 8-adjacent (shown dashed)
to the center pixel; (c) m-adjacency.
Distance Measures

For pixels p, q, and z, with coordinates (x, y), (s, t),


and (v, w), respectively, D is a distance function
or metric if
Euclidean distance

For this distance measure, the pixels having a distance


less than or equal to some
value r from (x, y) are the points contained in a disk of
radius r centered at (x, y).
D4 distance (city-block distance)
TheD8 distance (chessboard distance)

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