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In The Today's Session We'll Read

The document provides an overview of UNIX and Linux operating systems. It discusses that UNIX is a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system developed in the 1960s. It explains the two major versions of UNIX - System V from AT&T and Berkeley Software Distribution from UC Berkeley. The document also summarizes the history and evolution of UNIX, including the development of Linux as a free and open source version of UNIX.

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Rupesh Gupta
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106 views19 pages

In The Today's Session We'll Read

The document provides an overview of UNIX and Linux operating systems. It discusses that UNIX is a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system developed in the 1960s. It explains the two major versions of UNIX - System V from AT&T and Berkeley Software Distribution from UC Berkeley. The document also summarizes the history and evolution of UNIX, including the development of Linux as a free and open source version of UNIX.

Uploaded by

Rupesh Gupta
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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In the today’s session we’ll read :-

 What is UNIX ?
 History of UNIX
• Other Version Related to UNIX
• System V Release 4 (SVR 4)
 A Brief Intro of LINUX
 UNIX Philosophy
What is UNIX?
 UNIX is a computer operating system.

 UNIX is a software development environment.

 UNIX is a layered operating system.

 UNIX is a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system. Multiple


users may have multiple tasks running simultaneously. This is
very different than PC operating systems.

• Multi-User :- UNIX allows many people to share the


resources of a single computer simultaneously.
Conti….

• Multi-Tasking : UNIX allows users to run multiple


programs at once where you can work with Word and Excel

concurrently without quitting either of them. Even In Unix a

single user can also run multiple tasks concurrently. You can

switch jobs between background and foreground, suspend or

even kill them.

 UNIX is a system developed by programmer for their own use.


Conti….

 UNIX also makes many demands of user. It requires different


type of commitment to understand the subject, even when the
user is an experienced computer professional.

 Currently UNIX is a fully commercial product used by


different users with varied background and aptitude.

 The UNIX operating system is made up of three parts;


• The kernel
• The shell
• The programs.
 UNIX is not user friendly and message it throws are some
Conti….

 Unix (and Linux, which is Linus Torvald's version of Unix) is


now found in most firewall and Web-server-based systems as
well as all the way to the desktop for end user productivity and
development.

 Unix has deep roots in the computer industry. First surfacing in


universities and the military, it began to grow more and more
in use with the massive development and expansion of the
Internet.

 Unix is open source software, which means that users are free
to look at and modify its code.
History of UNIX
 UNIX versions can be broadly divided into two different
schools –
• The System V school from AT &T Bell Laboratories
• The Berkeley school from the University of California,
Berkeley.
 UNIX operating system was originally designed by Ken
Thompson and Dennis Ritchie at AT & T Bell Laboratories in
1969. Early UNIX suggested the name UNICS (Uniplexed
Information and Computing System)
 In 1970, UNICS finally became the name by which it’s known
today- UNIX.
 It evolved from time sharing operating system called
MULTICS (Multiplexed Operating and Computing System)in
order to fulfill the programming requirements of that time.
 Originally UNIX was written in assembly language but was
recoded in 1973 in ‘C’ afterwards.
 Writing the system in C made it possible to maintain it and
move it to different hardware platforms.
 Although UNIX is written in ‘C’ language, it supports other
languages like Fortran, Pascal, Cobol, Lisp, Basic and Prolog.
 It can support any language that has a compiler or interpreter
and a system interface that maps user requests to standard set
Conti….

 Apart from AT&T, most of the solid features available on


UNIX system because of University of California, Berkeley
(UCB).

 Berkeley didn’t like most of the AT&T UNIX, and created a


UNIX of its own. They called it BSD UNIX (Berkeley
Software Distribution).

 These versions became quite popular worldwide, especially in


universities and engineering circles.Their latest version is
known as 4.3 BSD.

Conti….
Conti….

 Berkeley filled the gaps left behind by AT&T and later decided
to rewrite the whole thing in the way they wanted.

 It was a young student (Bill Joy) who wrote what eventually


was to become the standard edition of UNIX system(vi) and a
very popular shell (C Shell).

 Berkeley also had a better file system, a more versatile mail


feature and a better method of linking files.

 Later they also offered with their standard distribution a


networking protocol software (TCP/IP) that made the internet
possible. Conti….
Conti….

 The earlier products of AT & T were known as “Editions” then


changed to “System”.

 In 1982 , they had System III, which became System V Release


3.0 in 1987 and finally Release 3.2.
Other Version related to UNIX
 Apart from AT&T, Microsoft and Sun microsystems were the
other notable actors to play significant roles in UNIX. Sun used
the BSD System as a foundation for developing their own
brand of UNIX(the SunOS).Its major contribution is the
Network File System(NFS).Today their version of UNIX is
known as Solaris and is SVR4-based.
 Microsoft was the first to run UNIX on a PC with 640 KB of
memory.They called their product XENIX that was based on
earlier edition of AT&T,but some BSD-borrowed utilities.
 XENIX was later sold off to SCO (The Santa Cruz
Operation),who today markets the most popular commercial
brand of UNIX for the desktop-SCO UNIX. It now offers two
major flavors-SCO Open Server Release 5 and SCO UnixWare
7 the later is SVR4-Complaint.
System V Release 4 (SVR4)

 AT&T introduced SVR4 (System V Release 4) to merge their


own version, the Berkeley and Microsoft variant. Both Bell
Laboratories stopped further work on UNIX, and UNIX now is
a trademark of the X/Open consortium.
 SVR4 is combination of System V 3.2, BSD, SunOS and
XENIX.
 In response to the AT&T announcement IBM, Hewlett-Packard
and Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) decided to form an
association of their own .This association was the Open
Software Foundation(OSF) and was formed to create their own
brand of UNIX like :-
Conti….

…. Hewlett-Packard HP-UX
Apple AUX
Amdahl UTS
Cray UNICOS
IBM AIX.
 Every vender called its product the “true” UNIX as if there
was such a thing called a true UNIX.
 A number of significant developments in UNIX have taken
place in the last couple of the years.
 In 1992, AT&T’s UNIX business was sold off to Novell.

 The people who produced the NE2000 networking standard


and a networking software called Netware.

 Later Novell turn over the UNIX trademark to a standards


body called X/OPEN who currently own it. The consequences
is that today UNIX is no longer a product, but a standard.
A Brief Intro of LINUX

 Linus Torvalds is the father of Linux, the free UNIX that is


now making significant inroads into the commercial world.

 Linux is particularly strong in networking and Internet


features and is an extremely cost-effective solution in setting
up a web site or a local intranet.

 The multimedia capabilities of Linux were exploited by James


Cameron who used 200 Linux machines “in parallel” to cerate
the visual effects in Titanic.

 Linux is the freeware version of UNIX that has become


popular.
Conti….

Some Important Version of UNIX running in the market :


 SCO UNIX Open Server Release 5
 SCO Unix Ware 7 (SCO’s Implementation of AT&T’s SVR4
(Standard)
Some Famous version of LINUX
 Red Hat Linux 5.0
 SuSE Linux 5.1
UNIX Philosophy

 Make each program do one thing well. Reusable software


tools: 1 tool = 1 function.

 Expect the output of every program to become the input of


another, yet unknown, program to combine simple tools to
perform complex tasks.

 Prototyping : Get something small working as soon as


possible and modify it incrementally until it is finished.

 A unique characteristics of UNIX is the large collection of


commands or software tools that is provides. This is another
expression of the basic philosophy. Conti….
Conti….

 The two illusions are supported here with UNIX are :


“Files have places and processes have life.”

• The first statement assumes that files are situated in space


which makes it easy to locate them with reference to a
predefined place. Moreover you can be ”placed” at a specific
location in the file system and you can also “move” from one
place to another. This real life models makes UNIX file
system easily comprehensible.
Conti….
Conti….

• Before understand “Processes have life” we see the three


meaning of process which are as follows :

1. It is an active entity.
2. It is a program in execution.
3. A program can be a process and a program can have n
number of process.

Therefore Process have life, they have parents, children are


born, even reborn and die.

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