K.

RAMAKRISHNAN COLLEGE
OF TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)

DEPARTMENT OF EEE

IV YEAR – 8TH SEM

EE8011 - Flexible AC Transmission

Systems
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 SYLLABUS
Unit I Introduction
Unit II Static VAR Compensator (SVC) and
Applications
Unit III Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
and Applications
Unit IV Voltage Source Converter based
FACTS Controllers
Unit V Advanced FACTS Controllers
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 UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION

CONTENTS
 Real and Reactive power control in electrical power transmission
lines
 Loads and system compensation

 Uncompensated Transmission line

 Shunt and series compensation

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 POWER
SYSTEM

GENERATION TRANSMISSION DISTRIBUTION

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LIMITATIONS OF LARGE AC SYSTEMS

LONG DISTANCE INTERCONNECTED

TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS SYSTEMS

• Voltage stability • Load Flow Problems (needs

• Reactive power problems management of
• Congestion)
Steady state stability
• Voltage Stability
• Transient Stability
• Frequency Control
• Oscillation Stability
• Inter-Area Oscillations
 What is FACTS?
Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS):
 Alternating current transmission systems incorporating power
electronic-based and other static controllers to enhance
controllability and increase power transfer capability.

FACTS Controller:
 A power electronic-based system and other static equipment
that provide control of one or more AC transmission system
parameters.

General symbol of FACTS controller

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 Objectives of FACTS
Controllers:
• Regulation of power flows in prescribed
transmission routes
• Secure loading of lines nearer to their thermal
limits
• Prevention of cascading outages
• Damping of oscillations

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Reactive Power control:
• Methods of making up or taking away reactive power, to
make transmission networks operate within desired
voltage limits is known as reactive power control.
• Electromagnetic devices store energy in their magnetic
fields. These devices draw lagging currents, thereby
resulting in positive values of Q; therefore, they are
absorbers of reactive power.
• Electrostatic devices, on the other hand, store electric
energy in fields. These devices draw leading currents
and result in a negative value of Q; therefore, they are
suppliers of reactive power.

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 Uncompensated Transmission
Lines
An ac transmission line is characterized by its
distributed circuit parameters:
•The series resistance (R) and inductance (L), and
the shunt conductance (G) and capacitance (C).
•The characteristic behaviour of the line is primarily
determined by the reactive circuit elements, the
series inductance L and shunt capacitance C.
 Uncompensated Transmission
Lines
To keep the voltages in the network at nearly the
rated value, two control actions seem possible:
1. load compensation, and
2. system compensation.
 Load Compensation
• It is possible to compensate for the reactive
current Ix of the load by adding a parallel
capacitive load so that
Ic = -Ix

• The absence of Ix eliminates the voltage drop

ΔV1, bringing Vr closer in magnitude to Vs; this
condition is called load compensation.
 System Compensation
• To regulate the receiving-end voltage at the
rated value, a power utility may install a reactive-
power compensator as shown in Figure.
LOSELESS DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER LINES
LOSELESS DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER LINES
LOSELESS DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER LINES
LOSELESS DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER LINES
LOSELESS DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER LINES
LOSELESS DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER LINES
LOSELESS DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER LINES
LOSELESS DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER LINES
LOSELESS DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER LINES
LOSELESS DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER LINES
LOSELESS DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER LINES
LOSELESS DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER LINES
 Reactive Power compensation
• Reactive-power control for a line is often called reactive-
power compensation. External devices or subsystems
that control reactive power on transmission lines are
known as compensators.
The objectives of line compensation are:
• To increase the power-transmission capacity of the line.
• To keep the voltage profile of the line along its length
within acceptable bounds
Two types:
1. Active compensation
2. Passive compensation

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 Active and Passive compensation
Active compensation:
When reactive power is changed irrespective of the
terminal voltage to which the reactive power (VAR)
controller is connected, they constitute Active VAR control
or active compensation.
Eg: STATCOM, UPFC
Passive compensation:
When fixed inductors and/or capacitors are employed to
absorb or generate reactive power, they constitute Passive
VAR control or passive compensation.
Eg: Shunt capacitor, Series capacitor and shunt reactor
Two types:
1.Shunt compensation
2.Series compensation 29
 Shunt and Series compensation
Effect on Power-Transfer Capacity:

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Shunt and Series compensation
Shunt and Series compensation
Shunt and Series compensation
Shunt and Series compensation
Shunt and Series compensation
Shunt and Series compensation
Shunt and Series compensation
 Basic types of FACTS Controllers

FACTS

SERIES- SERIES-
SERIES SHUNT
SHUNT
SERIES

SSSC TCSC SVC STATCOM UPFC IPFC

Basic types of FACTS Controllers
Based on the connection, generally FACTS controller can be classified
as follows:

 Series controllers

 Shunt controllers

 Combined series-series controllers

 Combined series-shunt controllers

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Basic types of FACTS Controllers
Series controllers

The series controller could be a variable impedance or a

variable source, both are power electronics based devices to serve
the desired needs. In principle, all series controllers inject voltage in
series with the line.

General symbol of Series controller

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Shunt controllers
 The shunt controllers may be variable impedance, variable
sources or combination of these. In principle, all shunt Controllers inject
current into the system at the point of connection. As long as the injected
current is in phase quadrature with the line voltage, the shunt Controller only
supplies or consumes variable reactive power.

General symbol of Shunt controller

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Combined series-series controllers:
 The combination could be separate series controllers or unified
series-series controller. Series Controllers provide independent series
reactive compensation for each line but also transfer real power among
the lines via the power link- Interline Power Flow Controller.

Symbol of Series- Series controller

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Combined series-shunt controllers:
 The combination could be separated series and shunt
controllers or a unified power flow controller. In principle, combined
shunt and series Controllers inject current into the system with the
shunt part of the Controller and voltage in series in the line with the
series part of the Controller.

Symbol of Series- Shunt controller

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Shunt connected controllers
Types of shunt connected controllers available in the market

 Static Synchronous Generator (SSG)

 Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
 Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
 Static Var Compensator (SVC)
 Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)
 Thyrlstor Swltched Reactor (TSR)
 Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC)
 Static Var Generator or Absorber (SVG)
 Thyristor Controlled Braking Resistor (TCBR)

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Shunt connected controllers

Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM):

 A Static synchronous generator operated as a shunt-connected static
var compensator whose capacitive or inductive output current can be
controlled independent of the ac system voltage.

STATCOM based on STATCOM based on

voltage-sourced converters current-sourced converters
 In cost point of view, the voltage-sourced converters seem to be
preferred, and will be the basis for presentations of most converter-based
FACTS Controllers. 45
Static Var Compensator (SVC):
 A shunt-connected static var generator or absorber whose
output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive current so as to
maintain or control specific parameters of the electrical power system
(typically bus voltage).

 The thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) or thyristor-

switched reactor (TSR) for absorbing reactive power
and thyristor-switched capacitor (TCS) for supplying
the reactive power.
 SVC is considered by some as a lower cost
alternative to STATCOM.

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Series connected controllers
Types of series connected controllers available in the market

 Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

 Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)
 Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
 Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC)
 Thyristor-Controlled Series Reactor (TCSR)
 Thyristor-Switched Series Reactor (TSSR)

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Series connected controllers

Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC):

 In a Static Synchronous Series Compensator, output voltage is in
quadrature with, and controllable independently of, the line current for the
purpose of increasing or decreasing the overall reactive voltage drop
across the line

 It is like a STATCOM, except that the

output ac voltage is in series with the line.

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Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC):
A capacitive reactance compensator which consists of a
series capacitor bank shunted by a thyristor-controlled reactor in
order to provide a smoothly variable series capacitive reactance.

 It is an alternative to SSSC.

 The TCSC may be a single, large unit, or may consist of several equal or
different-sized smaller capacitors in order to achieve a superior
performance.
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Combined shunt-series connected controllers
Types of shunt series connected controllers available in the market

Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

Thyristor-Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer (TCPST)

Interphase Power Controller (IPC):

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Combined shunt and series connected controllers
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC):
 A combination of static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a
static series compensator (SSSC) which are coupled via a common dc link,
to allow bidirectional flow of real power between the series output terminals
of the SSSC and the shunt output terminals of the STATCOM, and are
controlled to provide concurrent real and reactive series line compensation
without an external electric energy source.

 This is a complete Controller for

controlling active and reactive power
control through the line, as well as line
voltage control.

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THANK YOU

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