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Mechanics of Materials-II Lab: Presented by

This document presents a lab on measuring hardness using a Rockwell hardness tester. It discusses that hardness is a material's ability to resist deformation from an applied load. The Rockwell hardness test measures the depth of indentation from both a minor and major load. There are different Rockwell scales that use different indenters and loads depending on the material being tested. The document outlines the procedure for conducting a Rockwell hardness test which involves selecting an indenter and load based on the material, zeroing the dial gauge, applying the minor and major loads, and reading the hardness value from the dial gauge.

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Saad AliKhan
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63 views27 pages

Mechanics of Materials-II Lab: Presented by

This document presents a lab on measuring hardness using a Rockwell hardness tester. It discusses that hardness is a material's ability to resist deformation from an applied load. The Rockwell hardness test measures the depth of indentation from both a minor and major load. There are different Rockwell scales that use different indenters and loads depending on the material being tested. The document outlines the procedure for conducting a Rockwell hardness test which involves selecting an indenter and load based on the material, zeroing the dial gauge, applying the minor and major loads, and reading the hardness value from the dial gauge.

Uploaded by

Saad AliKhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mechanics of Materials-II Lab

Lab # 10

Presented by

Muhammad Faisal Mukhtar

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wah Engineering College 1


Objective
 To measure the hardness value of the specimen using Rockwell Hardness
Tester.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wah Engineering College 2


Hardness
 It is the property of a material, which gives it the ability to resist being
permanently, deformed when a load is applied.

 The term of hardness is also referred to stiffness or temper, or to


resistance to bending, scratching, abrasion, or cutting.

 The greater the hardness of the material, the greater the resistance it has
to deformation.

 Some materials (e.g. metals) are harder than others (e.g. plastics).

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wah Engineering College 3


Why Material Testing is Required?

 To test mechanical properties like UTS, YS, % elongation etc which is


used as design input.

 Make informed choices in using raw materials.

 To check properties of materials after heat treatment.

 To check material properties after welding/brazing etc.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wah Engineering College 4


Why Material Testing is Required?

 Ensure batch and production quality.

 As a part of preventive maintenance and to prevent failure in usage.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wah Engineering College 5


Types of Material Testing

 There are two types of material testing.

1) Destructive testing/ Mechanical Tests

2) Non-Destructive Tests (NDT)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wah Engineering College 6


Destructive testing/ Mechanical Tests

 The material may be physically tested to destruction or indentation.

 To measure the strength, hardness, toughness etc.

Example: Tensile testing, Impact testing, Hardness testing etc.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wah Engineering College 7


Non-Destructive Tests (NDT)

 Samples or finished articles are tested before being used and as routine
maintenance checks.

Examples: Radiography, Dye Penetration tests etc.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wah Engineering College 8


Types of Hardness Test

 The most common hardness test methods used these days are

i. Rockwell hardness test


ii. Brinell hardness test
iii. Vickers hardness test

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wah Engineering College 9


Rockwell Hardness Test
 Most widely used.

 Fast and free from personal error.

 Small hardness differences in hardened steel can be distinguished.

 Small size of indentation.

 Depth of impression is measured rather than diameter.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wah Engineering College 10


Rockwell Hardness Test

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wah Engineering College 11


Rockwell Hardness Test
 Rockwell hardness test is a hardness measurement method which is based
on the net increase in depth of impression as a load is applied.

 Hardness numbers have no units and are normally given in some scales
such as the A, B, C, R, L, M, E and K scales.

 The higher the number in the scales means the harder is the material.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wah Engineering College 12


Indenter
 In the Rockwell method of hardness testing, the
depth of penetration of an indenter under certain
arbitrary test conditions is determined.

 The indenter is either a steel ball of some specified


diameter or a spherical diamond tipped cone called
‘Brale’ which is of 120 degree angle and 0.2 mm
tip radius.

 The type of indenter and the test load determine the


hardness scale (A, B, C, etc.).

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wah Engineering College 13


Indenter
 For soft materials such as soft steel, copper and aluminum alloys, a 1.6
mm diameter steel ball is used with a 100 kg load and the hardness is
read on the ‘B’ scale.

 In testing of harder materials such as steels and cast irons, a 120 degree
diamond cone is used with up to a load of 150 kg and the hardness is read
on the ‘C’ scale.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wah Engineering College 14


Types of Loads
 Rockwell testing machine uses two loads with one is applied directly after the
other.

 The first load (known as the minor load) of 10 kg is applied to the sample to
help seat the indenter and remove the effects, in the test, of any surface
irregularities.

 The purpose of the minor load is to create a uniformly shaped surface for the
application of the major load.

 The difference in the depth of the indentation between the minor and major
loads provides the Rockwell hardness number.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wah Engineering College 15


Types of Loads

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wah Engineering College 16


Scales
 There are several Rockwell scales other than the B and C scales, which are
known as the common scales.

 The other scales also use a letter for the scale symbol prefix, and many use a
different sized steel ball indenter.

 A properly used Rockwell designation has the hardness number followed by


‘HR’ (Hardness Rockwell), which is followed by another letter which
indicates the specific Rockwell scale.

 For example, 60 HRB indicates that the specimen has a hardness reading of 60
on the B scale.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wah Engineering College 17


Apparatus

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Hardness Indicating Gauge

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Apparatus

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Apparatus

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Apparatus

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Specimen

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Indenter

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Procedure
1) Select the indenter by using the given table.

2) Now select the load given against given material.

3) Select the dial gauge scale.

4) Put the material on machines table and apply the minor load which is
always 10kgf, in material case.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wah Engineering College 25


Procedure
5) Move the dial and place it to zero i.e. set point.

6) Apply the major load according to material by load selector disk.

7) Press the handle to forward position.

8) Press the handle backward again after a while.

9) After that read the position of needle.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wah Engineering College 26


Thank You

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wah Engineering College 27

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