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Tangential and Normal Components

Here are the key steps to solve this problem: 1. Define the coordinate system with the tangential direction along the ramp and the normal direction pointing inward. 2. The tangential acceleration is constant, so use the kinematic equations to relate speed, acceleration, time, and distance traveled. 3. Relate the speeds at points A, B, and C to calculate the tangential acceleration rate and times to reach points B and C. 4. Use the acceleration components in the tangential and normal directions to calculate the total acceleration magnitude at the given time. Solving the kinematic and geometric relationships will allow you to determine the requested speeds and accelerations. Let me know if any part of the

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Omar Dosky
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398 views15 pages

Tangential and Normal Components

Here are the key steps to solve this problem: 1. Define the coordinate system with the tangential direction along the ramp and the normal direction pointing inward. 2. The tangential acceleration is constant, so use the kinematic equations to relate speed, acceleration, time, and distance traveled. 3. Relate the speeds at points A, B, and C to calculate the tangential acceleration rate and times to reach points B and C. 4. Use the acceleration components in the tangential and normal directions to calculate the total acceleration magnitude at the given time. Solving the kinematic and geometric relationships will allow you to determine the requested speeds and accelerations. Let me know if any part of the

Uploaded by

Omar Dosky
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tangential and Normal Components

If we have an idea of the path of a vehicle, it is often convenient


to analyze the motion using tangential and normal components
(sometimes called path coordinates).

2-1
y
= the instantaneous
radius of curvature

v  v et
en v= vt et dv v2
et a  e t  en
dt 

x
• The tangential direction (et) is tangent to the path of the
particle. This velocity vector of a particle is in this direction
• The normal direction (en) is perpendicular to et and points
towards the inside of the curve.
• The acceleration can have components in both the en and et directions
11 - 2
 
• With the velocity vector expressed as v  vet
the particle acceleration may be written as
  
 dv dv  de dv  de d ds
a  et  v  et  v
dt dt dt dt d ds dt
but 
det  ds
 en  d  ds v
d dt
After substituting,
 dv  v 2  dv v2
a  et  en at  an 
dt  dt 
• The tangential component of acceleration
reflects change of speed and the normal
component reflects change of direction.
• The tangential component may be positive or
negative. Normal component always points
toward center of path curvature.
11 - 3
Problem 1
SOLUTION:

• Define your coordinate system

• Calculate the tangential velocity and


tangential acceleration
• Calculate the normal acceleration

A motorist is traveling on a curved • Determine overall acceleration magnitude


section of highway of radius 2500 ft after the brakes have been applied
at the speed of 60 mi/h. The motorist
suddenly applies the brakes, causing
the automobile to slow down at a
constant rate. Knowing that after 8 s
the speed has been reduced to 45
mi/h, determine the acceleration of
the automobile immediately after the
brakes have been applied.
11 - 4
SOLUTION: • Define your coordinate system
• Determine velocity and acceleration in
the tangential direction
et
en

• The deceleration constant, therefore

• Immediately after the brakes are


applied, the speed is still 88 ft/s

a  an2  at2  2.752  3.102

11 - 5
Problem 2
SOLUTION:

• Define your coordinate system


• Calculate the tangential velocity and
tangential acceleration

• Calculate the normal acceleration

• Determine overall acceleration


The tangential acceleration of the magnitude
centrifuge cab is given by
at  0.5 t (m/s 2 )
where t is in seconds and at is in
m/s2. If the centrifuge starts from
rest, determine the total acceleration
magnitude of the cab after 10
seconds.
11 - 6
Group Problem Solving
Define your coordinate system
In the side view, the tangential
direction points into the “page”
en
Determine the tangential velocity
at  0.5 t
t
2 t
vt   0.5 t dt  0.25t  0.25t 2 Top View
0 0

vt  0.25  10   25 m/s
2

et m
Determine the normal acceleration en 8

 t  252
2
v
an   2
 78.125 m/s
r 8
Determine the total acceleration magnitude
amag  an2  at2  78.1252 +  (0.5)(10) 
2
amag  78.285 m/s 2
11 - 7
Problem 3
A robot arm moves so that P travels in a circle about Point B, which is not
moving. Knowing that P starts from rest, and its speed increases at a constant rate of
10 mm/s2, determine (a) the magnitude of the acceleration when t = 4 s, (b) the time
for the magnitude of the acceleration to be 80 mm/s2.
Problem 4
A monorail train starts from rest on a curve of radius 400 m and accelerates at the
constant rate. If the maximum total acceleration of the train must not exceed 1.5
m/s2 , determine (a) the shortest distance in which the train can reach a speed of 72
km/h, (b) the corresponding constant rate of acceleration .
Problem 5
A motorist starts from rest at Point A on a circular entrance ramp when t = 0,
increases the speed of her automobile at a constant rate and enters the highway at
Point B. Knowing that her speed continues to increase at the same rate until it
reaches 100 km/h at Point C, determine (a) the speed at Point B, (b) the magnitude
of the total acceleration when t = 20 s.

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