C Programming Language

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C History
 C is a programming language developed at AT &
T Laboratories of USA
 Developed between 1969 and 1973 along with
Unix
 Develop by Dennis Ritchie.
 Designed for systems programming
 Operating systems
 Utility programs
 Compilers
 Filters

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C language
 Currently, the most commonly-used
language for embedded systems
 “High-level assembly”
 Very portable: compilers exist for virtually
every processor
 Easy-to-understand compilation
 Produces efficient code

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Hello World in C Preprocessor used to
share information among
#include <stdio.h> source files
- Clumsy

void main() + Cheaply implemented

{ + Very flexible

printf (“Hello, world!\n”);

}

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 Program mostly a
collection of functions
Hello World in C “main” function special:
the entry point
#include <stdio.h> “void” qualifier
indicates function does
not return anything
void main()
{
printf(“Hello, world!\n”);
} “void” qualifier indicates
function does not return
anything

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C Constants
 Primary Constants
 Integer
 Real
 Character
 Secondary Constants
 Array
 Pointer
 Structure
 Union
 Enum etc...

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C variables
 In C, a quantity which may vary during
execution is called a Variable.
 Variable names are names given to
locations in the memory of computer
where different constants are stored.
 Locations may contain Integer, Real and
Character Constant.

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C Keywords
 Keywords are the words whose meaning
has already been explained to the C
compiler.
 The keywords cannot be used as variable
names because if we do so we are trying to
assign a new meaning to the keyword,
Which is not allowed by computer.
 There are 32 keywords available in C
 Like auto, double, if, int, static, long etc...

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C Instructions
 Type Declaration Instruction
 To declare the type of variable used in a C program.
 Input / Output Instruction
 To perform the function of supplying input data to a program
and obtaining the output result.
 Arithmetic Instruction
 To perform arithmetic operations between constants & variables.
 Control Instruction
 To control the sequence of execution of various stmts in a C
program.

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Simple Example
 To calculate simple interest
Void main()
{
int p, n;
float r, si;

p=1000;
n=3;
r=8.5;

si=p*n*r/100;

Printf (“%f”, si);

}

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The Decision Control Structure

 If statement
 If else statement
 The conditional operators

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If statement
 The general form of if statement is
If ( this condition is true )
Execute this statement;
 The keyword if tells the compiler that what
follows is a decision control instruction.
 Example…
if ( 5 < 10 )
printf( "Five is now less than ten, that's a big surprise" );

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If Else statement
 The if statement is false then else part is
executed.
if ( TRUE )
{
/* Execute these statements if TRUE */
}
else
{
/* Execute these statements if FALSE */
}

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Example Nested if else
Void main()
{
int m1, m2, m3, m4, m5, per;
printf (“Enter marks in five subjects”);
scanf (“%d %d %d %d %d”, &m1, &m2, &m3, &m4, &m5);
per = (m1+m2+m3+m4+m5)/5;
if (per>=60)
printf (“First Division”);
else
{
if (per>=50)
printf (“Second Division”);
else
{
if (per>=40)
printf (“Third Division”);
else
printf (“Fail”);
}
}
}

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Conditional Operators
 The Conditional Operators ? and : are sometimes
called ternary operator since they take three
arguments.
 The general form is

expression 1 ? Expression 2 : expression 3

Example:
int x, y;
Scanf (“%d”, &x);
y = ( x > 5 ? 3 : 4 );
The stmt will store 3 in y if x is greater than 5, otherwise it will
store 4 in y.

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The loop control Structure

 Three type of loop control Structure

 For statement
 While statement
 Do-while statement

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The while loop
 General form is
while ( condition )
{
Code to execute while the condition is true
}

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Understanding a while loop
Example of while: Calculation of simple interest for 3
sets of p, n and r
Void main()
{
int p, n, count;
float r, si;
count = 1;
while ( count <= 3 )
{
printf (“Enter values of p, n and r”);
scanf (“%d, %d, %f”, &p, &n, &r);
si = p * n * r /100;
printf ( “simple interest = Rs. %f”, si );

count = count +1;

}
}
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Output
Enter values of p, n and r 1000 5 13.5
Simple interest = Rs. 675.000000

Enter values of p, n and r 2000 5 13.5

Simple interest = Rs. 1350.000000

Enter values of p, n and r 3500 5 3.5

Simple interest = Rs. 612.500000

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The for loop
 General form is
for ( initialize counter ; test counter ; increment counter )
{
do this;
and this;
and this;
}

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Example of for loop for Calculation of simple
interest for 3 sets of p, n and r
Void main()
{
int p, n, count;
float r, si;
for ( count = 1; count<=3; count = count+1 )
{
printf (“ Enter values of p, n, and r”);
scanf (“%d %d %f,”, &p, &n, &r );

si = p * n * r / 100;
printf (“Simple interest = Rs. %f”, si);
}
}

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Break and Continue statement
 When the keyword break is encountered
inside any C loop, control automatically
passes to the first statement after the loop.
 When the keyword continue is
encountered inside any C loop, control
automatically passes to the beginning of
the loop.

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The do-while loop
General form is
do
{
this;
and this;
and this;
}
While ( this condition is true );

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Example of do-while loop
Void main()
{
do
{
printf (“Hello”);
}
while ( 4 < 1 );
}
The program will execute once, then the condition is tested.

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The case Control Structure

 Decisions using Switch

 The goto statement

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Decisions using Switch
 The control statement which allows us to make a decision from the
number of choices is called a switch.
 The keyword case is an integer or a character constant.
 The general form is
switch ( integer expression )
{
case constant 1 :
do this;
case constant 2 :
do this;
case constant 3 :
do this;
default :
do this;
}

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Example of Switch statement
void main()
{
int i=2;
switch ( i )
{
case 1:
printf (“I am in case 1”);
case 2:
printf (“I am in case 2”);
case 3:
printf (“I am in case 3”);
default :
printf (“I am in default”);
}
}
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Output
 I am in case 2
 I am in case 3
 I am in default

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Switch statement using break
void main()
{
int i=2;
switch ( i )
{
case 1:
printf (“I am in case 1”);
break;
case 2:
printf (“I am in case 2”);
break;
case 3:
printf (“I am in case 3”);
break;
default :
printf (“I am in default”);
}
}
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Some useful Tips
 We can use case in any order as we want.
 We can use char values in case and switch
statement.
 We can mix integer and character
constants in different cases of a switch.

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The goto statement
 Consider the following program
Void main()
{
int goals;
printf (“Enter the number of goals scored against India”);
scanf (“%d”, &goals);

if ( goals <= 5 )
goto sos;
else
{
printf (“About time soccer players learnt C\n”);
printf (“and said goodbye! to soccer”);
exit(); /*terminates program execution*/
}
sos;
printf (“To err in human!”);
}
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Output
Enter the number of goals scored against
India 3
To err is human!
Enter the number of goals scored against
India 7
About time soccer players learnt C
and said goodbye! to soccer

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Functions

 What is Function
 Passing values between functions
 Scope rule of Functions
 Pointers

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What is Function
 A Function is a self contained blocks of statements that perform
coherent task of some kind.
 A function gets called when the function name is followed by a
semicolon ( ; )
 Let us look at a simple example.
Void main()
{
message();
printf (“\nAurangabad”);
}
message()
{
printf (“\nMIT”);
}
Output:
MIT
Aurangabad

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Example of Function
Void main()
{
printf (“\n I am in India”);
italy();
brazil();
argentina();
}
italy()
{
printf (“\n I am in Italy”);
}
brazil()
{
printf (“\n I am in Brazil”);
}
argentina()
{
printf(“\n I am in Argentina”);
}
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Passing values between Functions
 /* Sending and receiving values between functions * /
Void main()
{
int a, b, c, sum;
Printf (“\n Enter any three numbers”);
Scanf (“%d %d %d”, &a, &b, &c);
Sum = calsum ( a, b, c);
Printf (“\n sum = %d”, sum);
}
calsum (x, y, z)
int x, y, z;
{
int d;
d = x + y + z;
return (d);
}

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Output
 Enter any three number 10 20 30
 Sum = 60

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Pointers

 Definition
 Example

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Pointers
 Pointer are used to "point" to locations in
memory.
 when we have a pointer, we need the
ability to both request the memory location
it stores and the value stored at that
memory location.
 The general form is
 <variable_type> *<name>;

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Example of Pointer
main() Is a format specifier for printing
an unsigned integer
{
int i=3;
Printf (“\n Address of i = %u”, &i);
Printf (“\n Value of i= %d”, i);
}

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 Location Name

Output
 Address of i = 6485
 Value of i = 3

Location Number

Value at Location

 The computer has selected memory location 6485

as the place to store the value 3.

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Arrays

 What is array
 Array Initialisation
 Example

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What is Arrays
 Lets take an example
main()
{
int x;
x = 5;
x = 10;
printf (“\n x=%d”, x);
}
No doubt, this program will print the value of x as 10. Why so?
Because when a value 10 is assigned to x, the earlier value
of x i.e. 5 is lost. So we use array to avoid this lost.

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Definition - Arrays
 Thus array is a collection of similar elements. These
similar elements could be all ints, or all floats, or all
chars etc..
 Usually, the array of chars is called a ‘string’,
whereas an array of ints or floats is called simply an
array.
 Remember that all elements of any given array must
be of the same type. i.e. we cannot have an array of
10 numbers, of which 5 are ints and 5 are floats.
 General form is
 int examplearray[100]; /* This declares an array */
Array Initialisation
 Let us see how to initialise an array.
int num[6] = { 2, 4, 12, 5, 45, 5 };
int n[ ] = { 2, 4,12, 5, 45, 5 };
float press[ ] = { 12.3, 34.2, -23.4, -11.3 }
 Note the following points carefully:
 Till the array elements are not given specific values, they are supposed
to contain garbage values.
 If the array is initialised where it is declared, mentioning the dimension
of the array is optional.

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A simple program using Array to find
average marks obtained by a class of 30
students in a test
Void main()
{
float avg, sum = 0;
int i;
int marks[30]; /*array declaration*/

for ( i=0; i<=29; i++)

{
Printf (“\n Enter marks”);
Scanf (“%d”, &marks[i]); /*store data in array*/
}

for ( i=0; i<=29; i++)

Sum = sum + marks[i]; /*read data from an array*/

avg = sum / 30;

Printf (“\n Average marks = %f”, avg);
}
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Array types

 2 – Dimensional Array
 3 - Dimensional Array

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2 – Dimensional Array
 Initialising a 2 – Dimensional Array
int stud [4] [2] = {
{ 1234, 56 },
{ 1212, 33 },
{ 1434, 80 },
{ 1312, 78 }
};
Or
int stud [4] [3] = { 1234, 56, 1212, 33, 1434, 80, 1312, 78};

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Continue…
 It is important to remember that while initialising an array it
is necessary to mention the second (column) dimension,
whereas the first dimension (row) is optional.
 Thus the declarations:
int arr[2][3] = {12, 34, 23, 45, 56, 45 };
int arr[ ][3] = {12, 34, 23, 45, 56, 45 };
are perfectly acceptable.
Whereas,
int arr[2][ ] = {12, 34, 23, 45, 56, 45 };
int arr[ ][ ] = {12, 34, 23, 45, 56, 45 };
Would never works.

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