Secondary Ways

S E C O N D A RY WAY S
of
WORD- BUILDING
SHORTENING
LEXICAL SPELLING
1. LATIN:
1.Clipped words a.m. (ante meridian)/p.m. (post meridian)
 aphaeresis cf. (confere) =compare
i.e. (id est ) = that is
 syncope ib/id (ibidem) = in the same place
e.g. (example gratia) = for example
 apocope ff.(felice) = the following pages
L (libra) =pound
 aphaeresis+apocope loc.cit. (locus citato) = in the passage cited
s. (solidis) = shilling
2. Initial shortenings viz (videlicet) = namely
 alphabetical 2. NATIVE:
a) forms of address: Mr, Mrs, Ms
pronunciation b) units of weight, time, distance, electricity: min,
sec, in, , m, p, ft, v, cm.
 acronyms c) military ranks, scientific degrees: capt., c-in-c,
BSc, BA, MA, MSc, PhD
d) names of offices: Govt., Dept.
LEXICAL shortenings
1.Clipped words
 APHAERESIS (- the first part): history-story; telephone-phone;

omnibus-bus; motor-car-car; defence-fence; example-sample;
 SYNCOPE (- the middle p.): market– mart; mathematics-maths;
spectacles-specs; Catherine-Kate; Louise-Lucy; microphone-mike;
bicycle-bike;
 APOCOPE (- the last p.): permanent wave-perm, zoological garden-
zoo, examination-exam; graduate-grad; advertisement-ad; champion-champ;
photograph-photo; laboratory-lab; public house-pub; gymnastics-gym.
 APHAERESIS+APOCOPE: influenza-flu; refrigerator-fridge;
avant-guard-van; professor-fess.
LEXICAL shortenings
2. Initial shortenings
 ALPHABETICAL PRONUNCIATION (initialisms):

TUC = Trade Union Congress, BBC = British Broadcasting Corporation,
RAF = Royal Air Force, SOS = save our souls, MP = member of the
parliament/military police, P.M. = Prime Minister, POW = prisoner of
war; g.f. = girlfriend) – plural, possessive case, affixes.
 ACRONYMS – shortenings formed by taking initial letters of
words in a phrase and pronounced as a word.
NATO /ˈneɪ.təʊ/ = North Atlantic Treaty Org.; UNO /ʌnˈnəʊ/ = United Nations
Org.; UNESCO /juːˈnes.kəʊ/ = United Nations Educational, Scientific, Cultural
Org.; AIDS /eɪdz/ = acquired immune deficiency syndrome; NASA /ˈnæs.ə/ =
National Aeronautics and Space Org.; radar /ˈreɪ.dɑːr/ = radio detecting and
ranging; laser /ˈleɪ.zər/ = light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
!!!CD-ROM = compact disc-read only memory, H-bomb = hydrogen bomb, V-J
Day = victory over Japan
SPELLING SHORTENING -
HOMONYMS
P president
page
particle penny post

A FULL WORD : A SHORTENED WORD???
1. disappear: avanguarde – vanguard – van; mobile vulgus – mob;

fanaticus – fan;
2. remain – different meanings: courtesy – curtsy; to espy –
to spy;
3. remain – different part of speech: to estrange – strange
(adj.);
4. remain – different styles: doctor – doc; professor – prof.
BLENDINGS (BLENDS) – WORDS CREATED
FROM PARTS OF TWO ALREADY EXISTING ITEMS (USUALLY
1ST +FINAL PART)
BRANCH = BREAKFAST+LUNCH; SMOG = SMOKE+FOG; SPAM = SPICE

+ HAM; CHUNNEL = CHANNEL+ TUNNEL; MOTEL = MOTOR+HOTEL;
AEROBICISE = AEROBICS+EXERCISE; BIT = BINARY+DIGIT
smog= smog AND fog; Frenglish=French AND English; tranceiver

ADDITIVE
●
= transmitter AND receiver
RESTRICTIVE medicare = medical care; positron= positive electron

●
ONOMATOPOEIA
sound-imitation
 formation of words from sounds that resemble those
associated by the object or action to be named, or
that seem suggestive of its quality.
verbs denoting sounds of human communication (babble, chatter, giggle, grunt, murmur)
verbs denoting sounds of animals, birds, insects (buzz, croak, crow, hiss, howl, moo, mew,
neigh, purr)
verbs denoting sounds water, metal, forceful motions (bubble, splash, clink, tinkle, clash,
crash, whip, whisk)
SOUND INTERCHANGE (gradation) –
formation of a word due to an alteration in the phonemic
composition of its root
to speak – speech; to live- life; to bleed – blood; to

advise – advice; to feed-food; strong-strength
NON-PRODUCTIVE AT ALL
BACK-FORMATION – a process of word
creating by removing a real or supposed affix from another
word
to enthuse ← enthusiasm
to donate ← donation
to orientate ← orientation
to self-destruct ← self-destruction
to attrit ← attrition (изнурять, изводить – изнурение)
to lase ← laser
to liposuct ← liposuction
DISTINCTIVE STRESS (distinctive change) –
formation of a word by means of the shift of the word
stress
to increase /ɪnˈkriːs/ → increase /ˈɪn.kriːs/

to absent /æbˈsent/ → absent/ˈæb.sənt/
to record /rɪˈkɔːd/ → record /ˈrek.ɔːd/
HOW MANY WORDS CAN YOU MAKE
FROM THE WORD ‘VOCABULARY’?

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S E C O N D A RY WAY S

 APHAERESIS (- the first part): history-story; telephone-phone;

 ALPHABETICAL PRONUNCIATION (initialisms):

particle penny post

1. disappear: avanguarde – vanguard – van; mobile vulgus – mob;

BRANCH = BREAKFAST+LUNCH; SMOG = SMOKE+FOG; SPAM = SPICE

smog= smog AND fog; Frenglish=French AND English; tranceiver

= transmitter AND receiver

RESTRICTIVE medicare = medical care; positron= positive electron

to speak – speech; to live- life; to bleed – blood; to

to increase /ɪnˈkriːs/ → increase /ˈɪn.kriːs/

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