Scribd
Upload
209 views21 pages

Turbocharger

Turbochargers work by using the engine's exhaust gases to drive a turbine, which spins a compressor to force more air into the engine. Variable geometry turbochargers (VGTs) allow the turbine geometry to be adjusted for optimal performance at different engine speeds. VGTs have movable vanes that direct exhaust gas onto the turbine blades at angles optimized for both low-rpm boost and high-rpm efficiency, resulting in quick response, high boost, and minimal lag across the engine's operating range.

Uploaded by

Jo Vial
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
209 views21 pages

Turbocharger

Turbochargers work by using the engine's exhaust gases to drive a turbine, which spins a compressor to force more air into the engine. Variable geometry turbochargers (VGTs) allow the turbine geometry to be adjusted for optimal performance at different engine speeds. VGTs have movable vanes that direct exhaust gas onto the turbine blades at angles optimized for both low-rpm boost and high-rpm efficiency, resulting in quick response, high boost, and minimal lag across the engine's operating range.

Uploaded by

Jo Vial
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

Turbocharger

Unit-II
Turbo:

• A turbocharger consists of a turbine and a compressor linked by a shared


axle.
• The turbine inlet receives exhaust gases from the engine exhaust
manifold causing the turbine wheel to rotate.
• This rotation drives the compressor, compressing ambient air and
delivering it to the air intake manifold of the engine at higher pressure,
resulting in a greater amount of the air and fuel entering the cylinder.
The advantage of compressing the air:
• The advantage of compressing the air is that it lets the engine squeeze more air
into a cylinder, and more air means that more fuel can be added. Therefore, you
get more power from each explosion in each cylinder.
• A turbocharged engine produces more power overall than the same engine
without the charging. This can significantly improve the power-to-weight ratio for
the engine.

Turbine Speed(Approx):
• The turbine in the turbocharger spins at speeds of up to 1,50,000 rotations per
minute (rpm) -- that's about 30 times faster than most car engines can go. And
since it is hooked up to the exhaust, the temperatures in the turbine are also very
high.
The key difference between a turbocharger and a supercharger :
• A supercharger is mechanically driven by the engine, often through a belt
connected to the crankshaft, whereas a turbocharger is powered by a
turbine driven by the engine's exhaust gas.
• Compared to a mechanically driven supercharger, turbochargers tend to
be more efficient, but less responsive.

• Twin charger : Twin charger refers to an engine with both a supercharger


and a turbocharger.
How a turbocharger is plumbed in a car
Inside a turbo charger:
Construction:

• The turbocharger is bolted to the exhaust manifold of the engine. The exhaust

from the cylinders spins the turbine, which works like a gas turbine engine. The

exhaust from the cylinders passes through the turbine blades, causing the turbine

to spin. The more exhaust that goes through the blades, the faster they spin.

• The turbine is connected by a shaft to the compressor, which is located between

the air filter and the intake manifold. The compressor is a type of centrifugal pump

-- it draws air in at the center of its blades and flings it outward as it spins. The

compressor pressurizes the air going into the cylinders.


Working:

The basic idea is that the exhaust drives the turbine (the red fan), which is
directly connected to (and powers) the compressor (the blue fan), which rams
air into the engine. For simplicity, we're showing only one cylinder.
Working:

  Cool air enters the engine's air intake and heads toward the compressor.
 The compressor fan helps to suck air in.
 The compressor squeezes and heats up the incoming air and blows it out again.
 Hot, compressed air from the compressor passes through the heat exchanger, which cools it
down.
 Cooled, compressed air enters the cylinder's air intake. The extra oxygen helps to burn fuel in
the cylinder at a faster rate.
 Since the cylinder burns more fuel, it produces energy more quickly and can send more
power to the wheels via the piston, shafts, and gears.
 Waste gas from the cylinder exits through the exhaust outlet.
 The hot exhaust gases blowing past the turbine fan make it rotate at high speed.
 The spinning turbine is mounted on the same shaft as the compressor (shown here as a pale
orange line). So, as the turbine spins, the compressor spins too.
 The exhaust gas leaves the car, wasting less energy than it would otherwise.
VGT-Variable-geometry turbocharger/
VNT-Variable Nozzle Turbine /
VTG-Variable Turbine Geometry /
VGS-Variable Geometry System turbocharger /
VTA-Variable Turbine Area
VGT:
• Variable Turbine Geometry technology is the next generation in turbocharger technology where the

turbo uses variable vanes to control exhaust flow against the turbine blades.

• Variable-geometry turbochargers (VGTs) are a family of turbochargers, usually designed to allow the

effective aspect ratio (A/R) of the turbo to be altered as conditions change.

• This is done because optimum aspect ratio at low engine speeds is very different from that at high

engine speeds.

If the aspect ratio is too large, the turbo will fail to create boost at low speeds;

 if the aspect ratio is too small, the turbo will choke the engine at high speeds, leading to high

exhaust manifold pressures, high pumping losses, and ultimately lower power output.

• By altering the geometry of the turbine housing as the engine accelerates, the turbo's aspect ratio

can be maintained at its optimum. Because of this, VGTs have a minimal amount of lag, have a low

boost threshold, and are very efficient at higher engine speeds. VGTs do not require a wastegate.
VGT:
A turbocharger equipped with Variable
Turbine Geometry has little movable vanes
which can direct exhaust flow onto the turbine
blades.
The vane angles are adjusted via an actuator.
 The angle of the vanes vary throughout the
engine RPM range to optimize turbine
behaviour.
VGT : Pivoting vane Type
In the 3D illustration above, you can see the vanes in a angle which is
almost closed. This position is optimized for low engine RPM speeds, pre-
boost.
In this cut-through diagram, you can see the direction of exhaust flow when the
variable vanes are in an almost closed angle. The narrow passage of which the
exhaust gas has to flow through accelerates the exhaust gas towards the turbine
blades, making them spin faster. The angle of the vanes also directs the gas to hit
the blades at the proper angle.
Above picture shows the VGT vanes when they are open.
This cut-through diagram shows the exhaust gas flow when the variable
turbine vanes are fully open. The high exhaust flow at high engine speeds are
fully directed onto the turbine blades by the variable vanes.
The benefits of variable geometry turbines over wastegated
turbines :

• no throttling loss of the wastegate valve;


• higher air–fuel ratio and higher peak torque at low engine speeds;
• improved vehicle accelerations without the need to resort to turbines with
high pumping loss at high engine speeds;
• potential for lower engine ΔP (the difference between exhaust manifold
and intake manifold pressures);
• control over engine ΔP that can be used to drive EGR flow in diesel
engines
• a better ability to cover a wider region of the engine speed–load domain
• ability to provide engine braking;
• ability to raise exhaust temperature for after treatment system
management.

You might also like