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Points To Remember

The document outlines important points to consider when conducting research including title structure, statement of the problem, research design, sampling methods, errors, survey questions, and reliability testing. Key elements are title with 12 keywords on variables and subject, null hypothesis, operational definitions, literature-supported questionnaire, descriptive then correlational research design, probability and non-probability sampling methods, types of errors, question formats, and Cronbach's alpha reliability testing.

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Janet T. Cometa
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49 views21 pages

Points To Remember

The document outlines important points to consider when conducting research including title structure, statement of the problem, research design, sampling methods, errors, survey questions, and reliability testing. Key elements are title with 12 keywords on variables and subject, null hypothesis, operational definitions, literature-supported questionnaire, descriptive then correlational research design, probability and non-probability sampling methods, types of errors, question formats, and Cronbach's alpha reliability testing.

Uploaded by

Janet T. Cometa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Points to Remember

 Your title should reveal your independent


and dependent variable and subject
(respondent), the output could be
included (max. 12 key words)
4-2
 Statement of the Problem (SOP) should be
aligned to your research paradigm
 Scope, Delimitation, and Limitation of the
Study may be based on your definition of
terms and theoretical framework
 Hypothesis should be in null form
 Define only the terms in SOP which needs
operational definition
 Questionnaire should be based on your SOP
and definition of terms supported by your
related literature (concepts) / studies
 Follow APA format
 Research design encompasses the
entire research process

 Follow a descriptive research design


(using descriptive statistics: mean, mode,
and median) then correlational design
(using inferential statistics: chi-square,
Pearson, and simple linear regression –
bivariate analysis)
 Subject of the Study / Respondents of the
Study
 Research Instrument
What data gathering tools?
 Validation of Data
questionnaire source(s)
validating team
statistician
faculty/industry experts
 Data Gathering Procedure
How?
Important statistical terms

Population:
a set which includes all
measurements of interest
to the researcher
(The collection of all responses,
measurements, or counts that are of
interest)

Sample:
A subset of the population
Target Population:
The population to be studied/ to which the
investigator wants to generalize his results
Sampling frame:
List of all the sampling units from which sample is
drawn
Sampling scheme
Method of selecting sampling units from sampling
frame
Slovin’s Formula
n = N
1 + Ne2
Types of sampling

 Non-probability samples

 Probability samples
Non probability samples
 Convenience samples (ease of access)
sample is selected from elements of a population
that are easily accessible
 Snowball sampling (friend of friend….etc.)
 Purposive sampling (judgemental)
 You chose who you think should be in the

study
 Quota sample
 Probability of being chosen is unknown

 Cheaper- but unable to generalise

 potential for bias


Methods used in probability samples

 Simple random sampling


 Systematic sampling
 Stratified sampling
 Multi-stage sampling
 Cluster sampling
Simple random sampling
Systematic sampling
Cluster sampling
Section 1 Section 2

Section 3

Section 5

Section 4
 Stratified sampling
 A stratified random sample is a random
sample in which members of the population
are first divided into strata, then are
randomly selected to be a part of the
sample. 
 Multi-stage sampling
 Multistage sampling refers to sampling
plans where the sampling is carried out in
stages using smaller and smaller sampling
units at each stage.
Errors in sample

Systematic error (or bias)


Inaccurate response (information bias)
Selection bias

Sampling error (random error)


Type 1 error

 The probability of finding a difference


with our sample compared to population,
and there really isn’t one….

 Known as the α (or “type 1 error”)

 Usually set at 5% (or 0.05)


Type 2 error
 The probability of not finding a difference
that actually exists between our sample
compared to the population…

 Known as the β (or “type 2 error”)

 Power is (1- β) and is usually 80%


Types of Survey Questions

 Open-ended questions
 Dichotomous questions
 Multi-response questions
 Matrix questions
 Contingency questions
Likert Scale
1 2 3 4
Never Sometimes Often Always
Habit

Status/Level Least Some Great Very Great


Extent Extent Extent Extent

Agreeability/ Strongly Strongly


Disagree Agree
Opinion Disagree Agree
Agreeability to Level Scoring
3.50 - 4.00 High

2.50- 3.49 Average

1.50 – 2.49 Below Average

1.00 – 1.49 Low


Reliability Test

 Test sample
 Cronbach’s Alpha

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