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Computer Networks-Lab: Hareem Aslam Hareem - Aslam@pucit - Edu.pk

This document discusses computer networks and network essentials. It defines a network as a set of connected devices that can exchange data, with each device being a node. It discusses data communication methods like simplex, half duplex, and full duplex data flow. It also covers network protocols, including the elements that protocols define like message encoding, formatting, size, timing, and delivery options. Finally, it briefly introduces the peer-to-peer and client-server network models.

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Hareem Aslam
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81 views28 pages

Computer Networks-Lab: Hareem Aslam Hareem - Aslam@pucit - Edu.pk

This document discusses computer networks and network essentials. It defines a network as a set of connected devices that can exchange data, with each device being a node. It discusses data communication methods like simplex, half duplex, and full duplex data flow. It also covers network protocols, including the elements that protocols define like message encoding, formatting, size, timing, and delivery options. Finally, it briefly introduces the peer-to-peer and client-server network models.

Uploaded by

Hareem Aslam
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Networks-Lab

HAREEM ASLAM
[email protected]
Introduction
 A network can be defined as a group of computers and other
devices connected in some ways to be able to exchange data.
 Each of the devices on the network can be thought of as a node;
each node has a unique address.
 Addresses are numeric quantities that are easy for computers to
work with, but not for humans to remember.
 Example: 204.160.241.98
 Some networks also provide names that humans can more easily
remember than numbers.
 Example: www.javasoft.com, corresponding to the above
numeric address.
Models
• Client/Server
• Peer-to-peer

Technologies Types
• Ethernet Network • LAN
• Token Ring • MAN
• TCP/IP OS • WAN
• WAP

Network Topologies
Essentials • Bus
• Ring
• Star
Basics of
Networks
Computer Networks
A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by
communication links.
A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or
receiving data generated by other nodes on the network.
Communication link can be wired or wireless. The links carries the information.
Data Communication
Data communications are the exchange of data between two nodes
(devices) via some form of link (transmission medium) such as a
wire cable.

Data Flow - data is going from one node to another node.


 Simplex
 Half Duplex
 Full Duplex
Data Flow - Simplex
Communication is always unidirectional.
One device can transmit and other device will receive,
Example: Keyboards, Traditional monitors etc.

Data Flow – Half Duplex


Communication is in both directions but not at the same time.
If one device is sending, the other can only receive, and vice versa.
Example: Walkie-Talkie
Data Flow - Full Duplex or Duplex
Communication is in both directions simultaneously.
Devices can send and receive at the same time.
Example: Telephone line
Protocols
All Communication schemes will have the following things in common:
 Source or Sender
 Destination or Receiver
 Channel or Media
Rules or protocols govern all methods of communication.
Protocol determines:
 What is communicated?
 How it is communicated?
 When it is communicated?
Protocols – Human Communication
Protocols are necessary for human communications and includes:
 An identified sender and receiver
 Common language and grammar
 Speed and timing of delivery
 Confirmation or acknowledgment requirements.
Protocols – Network Communication
Protocols used in network communications also define:
(Elements of Protocols)
 Message encoding
 Message formatting and encapsulation
 Message timing
 Message size
 Message delivery options
Elements of Protocols – Message encoding

Message Encoder Transmission Decoder Message


Transmitter Receiver
Source (Signal) Medium (signal) Reciver
Elements of Protocols – Message formatting and encapsulation

Agreed format.
Encapsulate the information to identify the sender and the receiver rightly.
Elements of Protocols – Message size
Human break long messages into smaller parts or sentences.
Long messages must also be broken into smaller pirces to travel across a
network.
Elements of Protocols – Message timing
Flow control.
Response Timeout.
Elements of Protocols – Message delivery options
 Unicast
 Multicast
 Broadcast
Network Model– Peer-to-Peer Model
 No centralized administration
 All peers are equal
 Simple sharing application
 Not scalable.
Network Model– Client-Server Model
 Centralized administration
 Request-Response model
 Server may be overloaded.
 Scalable.

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