Learning Plan 1:

SCIENTIFIC
PROBLEM/QUESTION
INTRODUCTION:
• Learning Plan 1 discusses between the two types if scientific inquiry:
basic research and applied research. Knowing the differences between
each type of inquiry helps you identify and categorize a scientific
problem.
• When a scientific problem is established, effective approaches are
planned and designed properly, which will help in achieving the
objectives of the research. These approaches or concepts are
developed by gathering relevant literature or studies.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

This learning plan is designed for you to:

• Identify the scientific problem or question;
• Discuss Scientific Research;
• Differentiate between applied problem and basic
research problem;
• Present a written statement of the STEM-based
problem.
LESSON 1: Scientific
Problem and Question

• A scientific problem is a
question that you have that
can be answered via an
experiment. Not all
problems that you have are
scientific problems. That's
because not all questions
can be answered with an
experiment.
LESSON 1: Scientific
Problem and Question
• For example, the problem of trying to figure out
what to have for dinner isn't a scientific problem,
since you can't conduct an experiment to find the
answer.
• But the problem of trying to figure out how fast a
population of rabbits can grow is a scientific
problem as you can conduct an experiment on a
population of rabbits to observe and record just
how fast they reproduce. You can then use your
information and any patterns that you find to find
your answer.
LESSON 1:
Scientific Problem
and Question

Characteristics of a good
Scientific Question

a. A good scientific question

is one that can have an
answer and be tested.
For example: “Why is that a
star?” is not as good as “What
are stars made of?”
LESSON 1:
Scientific Problem
and Question
Characteristics of a good Scientific
Question

b. A good scientific question can be

tested by some experiment or
measurement that you can do.
For example: “Where does the Sun come
from? is not as good as “How will human
skin react to solar radiation where one
participant is covered in SPF 30 sunscreen
lotion and the other participant is not
covered in sunscreen lotion.
LESSON 1:
Scientific Problem
and Question
Characteristics of a good
Scientific Question

c. A good scientific question

builds on what you already
know.
For example: “Will fertilizer make
grass grow greener?” is not as
good as “What types of fertilizer
will make grass grow greener?”
LESSON 1: Scientific
Problem and Question
• Characteristics of a good Scientific
Question

d. A good scientific question, when

answered, leads to other good questions
For example: “What is the flu” does not lead
to as many questions as “How does the flu
attack the human immune system?
Title:
Antihelminthic property of Tamarindus indica L. extracts on the egg and adult Ascaris
 
Objective:
This scientific research-project will tend to determine the antihelmintic property of
Tamarindus indica L. extracts on the egg and adult Ascaris suum, specifically this project aims
to answer the following scientific questions.
Scientific Question:
 
1. What particular concentration of Tamarindus indica L. extract has the most effective
antihilminthic activity?
2. What time length will the paralysis and death of worm be observed when exposed to the
concentration?
3. Compare the antihilminthic activity between Tamarindus indica L. extracts and
piperazine citrate (as reference standard) on the following:
a. Time of paralysis of adult Ascaris
b. Time of death of adult Ascaris
 
 LESSON 2:
Scientific Research

• Capstone research project

(CRP) is designed for senior high
school students to conduct
experiments that will draw their
experiences together to answer
research question or problem.
 LESSON 2:
Scientific Research

• Researches based on the science, technology,

engineering, and mathematics (STEM) track
are conducted primarily to
 Produce new scientific knowledge;
 Come up with new and innovative
technological products, devices, and
processes;
 Create cost-effective designs and
structures, and;
 Solve real-word problems using
engineering tools.
LESSON 2: Scientific Research
• In addition, Capstone research project is somehow different from
thesis

Thesis
Capstone
Capstone - often a requirement for graduation in a bachelor's
or master's degree.
-- focus
focus on
on narrow
narrow andand specific
specific
- is more detailed research endeavor aimed to
topics
topics contribute new knowledge to exisitng scientific
literature.
-- in
in terms
terms of
of time
time frame,
frame, capstone
capstone - focus on generalized and broader topics.
will
will require
require atleast
atleast aa semester
semester to
to - in terms of time frame, thesis usually requires
finish.
finish. more than a semester because of the broader scope
of the problem.
LESSON 2: Scientific
Research
• Capstone is a scientific inquiry
or research that is somehow the
similar to Investigatory Project.

• Investigatory project is an
opportunity to apply scientific
principles in solving real-word
problems or to look for answers
to research question. It also
enables you to think critically
and identify problems arising
from your own experience and
observations on everyday life.
 LESSON 3: Basic Research Vs.
Applied Research
• Both basic and applied research follow the same steps of scientific
inquiry to arrive at conclusions.

• A basic research is designed to produce results that

• An applied research aims to solve a
expand knowledge about a particular phenomenon. specific societal or environmental
• It answers questions such as what, why, and how. problem.
• The result and conclusion of a basic research are • The knowledge generated has a specific
used to further our understanding of scientific
commercial value, which may be used
principles and processes.
• They may even use to rectify understanding about to develop a product, procedure, or
certain phenomenon. service.
• However, they may not have immediate commercial • The main goal of an applied research is
applications or may not necessarily solve a practical to discover a solution to a practical
problem.
problem.
 LESSON 3: Basic Research Vs.
Applied Research
• Both basic and applied research follow the same steps of scientific
inquiry to arrive at conclusions.
 LESSON 3: Basic Research Vs.
Applied Research
• Both basic and applied research follow the same steps of scientific
inquiry to arrive at conclusions.
 Activity 1:Classify each of the
LESSON 3: following titles of studies either
Basic basic research or applied research.
Research Vs. 1.Genetic richness of introduced Agave
Applied cantala (Agavaceae in the Ilocos Region)
Research 2.Electrochemical and conductivity studies
of nickel oxide/graphene oxide and tin
oxide/ graphene oxide for lithium ion
battery applications.
3.Greenhouse gas emission inventory and
mitigation action plan for low carbon
pathways in the Philippines
 4. Wound healing effect of ashitaba (Angelica
keishei) extract on albino mice
LESSON 3: 5. The extraction and characterization of
Basic essential oils as a potential biofuel from
janitor fish (Hypostamus
Research Vs. plecostomus)Greenhouse gas emission
Applied
inventory and mitigation action plan for low
carbon pathways in the Philippines.
Research 6. The development of low-cost luminosity kit
for the detection of toxic water pollutants
using the cultures of luminous bacteria
extracted from squid.
7. The taxonomy. Distribution, and status of
Philippine wild pigs in Panay Island,
Philippines
LESSON 4: Parts of STEM-Based
Research
• A research process has five stages-(1) formulation, (2)
manipulation, (3) activation, (4) assimilation, and (5)
dissemination.

formulate manipulate activate assimilate disseminate

LESSON 4: Parts of STEM-Based
Research
• Research problem or question has to be formulated
first. The problem must have a strong or firm
foundation to elicit a deliberate and systematic
approach.
• It emanates from issues and challenges requiring
application of key concepts form related fields of the
STEM track.
• To come up a sensible inquiry, you have to do an
extensive literature survey first.
• A scientific literature review brings about clarity and
direction to your research problem and provides you
with additional information on how to address it, thus
affirming the need to pursue the study.
LESSON 4: Parts of
STEM-Based Research

• The next step is to manipulate the background

information to create or adopt a research design.
• A research design is an action plan that details how
objectives can be attained and how the research
problem can be addressed.
• Recall the types of research design or approaches.
The main goal of a research design is to provide an
outline of the strategies to be employed for data
collection, standard procedures to be adopted to test
hypothesis, and analytical techniques to be used for
evaluating data.
LESSON 4: Parts of
STEM-Based Research

• After identifying the research design to adopt,

the next step is to “activate” or validate your
hypothesis through experimentation,
computation.
• Modelling, and pilot testing, which is usual
case for a scientific research.
• Rigorous mathematical testing and
measurement using analytical techniques often
aid the data-gathering process. Data are
gathered at this stage.
LESSON 4: Parts of
STEM-Based Research

• The accumulated data are then subjected to

assimilation. In this stage data collected are
evaluated based on completeness and reliability.
• For a STEM-based research, you have to apply
statistical treatment on data generated for the final
analysis of the hypothesis.
• Statistics will facilitate the decision whether the
hypothesis is to be rejected or not. In particular,
technology and engineering studies also often need a
cost-effective analysis, especially if a new process or
technology is being tested.
LESSON 4: Parts of STEM-Based
Research

• Finally, once the research process is finished,

the overall results must be disseminated
through a science related publication, or to be
featured in an article of a peer-reviewed,
International Scientific Indexing (ISI)-
abstracted journal.
• Having the findings your research per-reviewed
and published in a reputable journal is also
another goal of this entire scientific work.
• Dissemination of results can also be made
through presentations in technical conferences,
symposiums and meetings.
 In a Nutshell!

• At this point you are now ready to master the concepts.

Research is a very important undertaking that may potentially spur economic growth
and development. A particular research may focus on different field of study such as
those field in STEM track. There are two different research: basic research and applied
research.
Basic research is pursued to contribute new information to existing body of knowledge.
Applied research results in the generation of new design, process, device, or solution to
a certain academic area of concern.
A research problem fosters the conduct of a research study. Several techniques are
available to facilitate the formulation of a research problem.