Object-Oriented Programming
Part 1
Programming Language Concepts
Lecture 18
Prepared by
Manuel E. Bermúdez, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
University of Florida
Object Oriented Programming
• Over time, data abstraction has become essential
as programs became complicated.
• Benefits:
1. Reduce conceptual load (minimum detail).
2. Fault containment.
3. Independent program components.
(difficult in practice).
• Code reuse possible by extending and refining
abstractions.
Object Oriented Programming
• A methodology of programming
• Four (Five ?) major principles:
1. Data Abstraction.
2. Encapsulation.
3. Information Hiding.
4. Polymorphism (dynamic binding).
5. Inheritance. (particular case of polymorphism
?)
Will describe these using C++, because ...
The C++ language
• An object-oriented, general-purpose programming
language, derived from C (C++ = C plus classes).
• C++ adds the following to C:
1.Inlining and overloading of functions.
2.Default argument values.
3.Argument pass-by-reference.
4.Free store operators new and delete, instead of
malloc() and free().
5.Support for object-oriented programming, through
classes, information hiding, public interfaces,
operator overloading, inheritance, and templates.
Design Objectives in C++
• Compatibility. Existing code in C can be used.
Even existing, pre-compiled libraries can be
linked with new C++ code.
• Efficiency. No additional cost for using C++.
Overheadof function calls is eliminated where
possible.
• Strict type checking. Aids debugging, allows
generation of efficient code.
• C++ designed by Bjarne Stroustrup of Bell Labs
(now at TAMU).
• Standardization: ANSI, ISO.
Non Object-Oriented Extensions to C
• Major improvements over C.
1. Stream I/O.
2. Strong typing.
3. Parameter passing by reference.
4. Default argument values.
5. Inlining.
We’ve discussed some of these already.
Stream I/O in C++
• Input and output in C++ is handled by streams.
• The directive #include <iostream.h> declares
2 streams: cin and cout.
• cin is associated with standard input.
Extraction: operator>>.
• cout is associated with standard output.
Insertion: operator<<.
• In C++, input is line buffered, i.e. the user
must press <RTN> before any characters are
processed.
Example of Stream I/O in C++
A function that returns the sum of
the numbers in the file Number.in
int fileSum();
{
ifstream infile("Number.in");
int sum = 0;
int value;
//read until non-integer or <eof>
while(infile >> value)
sum = sum + value;
return sum;
}
Example of Stream I/O in C++
Example 2: A function to copy myfile into
copy.myfile
void copyfile()
{
ifstream source("myfile");
ofstream destin("copy.myfile");
char ch;
while (source.get(ch))
destin<<ch;
}
Line-by-line textfile concatenation
int ch;
// Name1, Name2, Name3 are strings
ifstream f1 (Name1);
ifstream f2 (Name2);
ofstream f3 (Name3);
while ((ch = f1.get())!=-1 )
if (ch =='\n')
while ((ch = f2.get())!=-1) {
f3.put(ch);
if (ch == '\n') break;
}
else f3.put(ch);
}
Why use I/O streams ?
• Streams are type safe -- the type of object being
I/O'd is known statically by the compiler rather
than via dynamically tested '%' fields.
• Streams are less error prone:
– Difficult to make robust code using printf.
• Streams are faster: printf interprets the
language of '%' specs, and chooses (at runtime)
the proper low-level routine. C++ picks these
routines statically based on the actual types of
the arguments.
Why use I/O streams ? (cont’d)
• Streams are extensible -- the C++ I/O
mechanism is extensible to new user-defined
data types.
• Streams are subclassable -- ostream and istream
(C++ replacements for FILE*) are real classes,
and hence subclassable. Can define types that
look and act like streams, yet operate on other
objects. Examples:
– A stream that writes to a memory area.
– A stream that listens to external port.
C++ Strong Typing
• There are 6 principal situations in which C++
has stronger typing than C.
1. The empty list of formal parameters means
"no arguments" in C++.
• In C, it means "zero or more arguments",
with no type checking at all. Example:
char * malloc();
C++ Strong Typing (cont’d)
2. In C, it's OK to use an undefined function;
no type checking will be performed. In C+
+, undefined functions are not allowed.
Example:
main()
f( 3.1415 );
// C++: error, f not defined
// C: OK, taken to mean int f()
C++ Strong Typing (cont’d)
3. A C function, declared to be value-
returning, can fail to return a value.
Not in C++. Example:
double foo() {
/* ... */
return;
}
main() {
if ( foo() ) { ... }
...
}
// C : OK
// C++: error, no return value.
C++ Strong Typing (cont’d)
4. In C, assigning a pointer of type
void* to a pointer of another type is
OK. Not in C++. Example:
int i = 1024;
void *pv = &i;
// C++: error,
// explicit cast required.
// C : OK.
char *pc = pv;
int len = strlen(pc);
C++ Strong Typing (cont’d)
5. C++ is more careful about initializing
arrays: Example:
char A[2]="hi";
// C++: error,
// not enough space for '\0'
// C : OK, but no '\0' is stored.
It's best to stick with char A[] = "hi“;
C++ Strong Typing (cont’d)
6. Free store (heap) management. In C++,
we use new and delete, instead of
malloc and free.
• malloc() doesn't call constructors, and
free doesn't call destructors.
• new and delete are type safe.
Object-Oriented Programming
Object-oriented programming is a programming
methodology characterized by the following concepts:
1. Data Abstraction: problem solving via the formulation of
abstract data types (ADT's).
2. Encapsulation: the proximity of data definitions and
operation definitions.
3. Information hiding: the ability to selectively hide
implementation details of a given ADT.
4. Polymorphism: the ability to manipulate different kinds of
objects, with only one operation.
5. Inheritance: the ability of objects of one data type, to inherit
operations and data from another data type. Embodies the
"is a" notion: a horse is a mammal, a mammal is a
vertebrate, a vertebrate is a lifeform.
O-O Principles and C++ Constructs
O-O Concept C++ Construct(s)
Abstraction Classes
Encapsulation Classes
Information Hiding Public and Private Members
Polymorphism Operator overloading,
templates, virtual functions
Inheritance Derived Classes
O-O is a different Paradigm
• Central questions when programming.
– Imperative Paradigm:
– What to do next ?
– Object-Oriented Programming
– What does the object do ? (vs. how)
• Central activity of programming:
– Imperative Paradigm:
– Get the computer to do something.
– Object-Oriented Programming
– Get the object to do something.
C vs. C++, side-by-side
C vs. C++, side-by-side (cont’d)
In C++, methods can appear inside the class definition
(better encapsulation)
C vs. C++, side-by-side (cont’d)
In C++, no explicit referencing.
Could have overloaded <<, >> for Stacks:
s << 1; s >> i;
Structures and Classes in C++
• Structures in C++ differ from those in C in that
members can be functions.
• A special member function is the “constructor”,
whose name is the same as the structure. It is
used to initialize the object:
struct buffer {
buffer()
{size=MAXBUF+1; front=rear=0;}
char buf[MAXBUF+1];
int size, front, rear;
}
Structures and Classes in C++
The idea is to add some operations on objects
of type buffer:
struct buffer {
buffer() {size=MAXBUF+1;front=rear=0;}
char buf[MAXBUF+1];
int size, front, rear;
int succ(int i) {return (i+1)%size;}
int enter(char);
char leave();
}
Structures and Classes in C++
The definition (body) of a member function can be
included in the structure's declaration, or may
appear later. If so, use the name resolution
operator (::)
int buffer::enter(char x) {
// body of enter }
char buffer::leave() {
// body of leave }
Public and Private Members
Structures and classes are closely related in C++:
struct x { <member-dclns> };
is equivalent to
class x { public: <member-dclns>};
Difference: by default, members of a structure are
public; members of a class are private. So,
class x { <member-dclns> };
is the same as
struct x { private: <member-dclns> };
Header File Partitioning
Header File Partitioning (cont’d)
Header File Partitioning (cont’d)
Object-Oriented Programming
Part 1
Programming Language Concepts
Lecture 18
Prepared by
Manuel E. Bermúdez, Ph.D.
Associate Professor
University of Florida
